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Paper one - physical
ELSS
Case studies
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Mabel smith
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Cards (44)
What are the case studies for water and carbon cycles
Amazon rainforest
and
arctic tundra
What is a tropical rainforest
An
area
with
no dry season
What area does Amazon rainforest occupy
6 million
km2
What is the climate of the Amazon rainforest
Over
2000mm
of annual rainfall
average temp is
27
degrees
What percentage of earths oxygen is produced by rainforest
20
How many trees does the rainforest have
300 billion
What are the characteristics of rainforest soil
very
deep
and has a layer of
humus
on the
top
, due to
decomposition
What are inputs of water into the RF
precipitation
What % of rainfall is recycled in the ARF
50
What are the stores of water in the ARF
Atmosphere
lakes
and
rivers
trees
soil
What are the factors affecting the water cycle in the ARF
Temperature
geology
What is the NPP of the ARF
2500
Factors affecting the carbon cycle in the ARF
temperature
vegetation
soil
What are the causes of deforestation in the ARF
burning
- over
1000
burnt in
2022
shifting
cultivation
grazing
What is shifting cultivation
When
trees
are
cut down
to make room for
crops
What is grazing
Large
areas of
forest
are
cleared
to make room for
cattle
How does deforestation affect the carbon cycle in the ARF
Less
vegetation
so less
co2
absorbed from
photosynthesis
fires
- emit
co2
What are the impacts of deforestation on the water cycle in the ARF
interception
will
decrease
and risk of
floods increases
evapotranspiration
decreases therefore
precipitation
decreases
What happened at the Madeira river basin
Deforestation
in the
highlands
of
Peru
meant there was a
land
tsunami causing the
death
of
60
people.
What happens to albedo after deforestation
It is
lowered
- leads to a
positive feedback
cycle of
rise
in
temperature
What is the ARPA management strategy in the ARF
Amazon
regional protected
areas
aims to
decrease deforestation
has
70mil
hectares of land in
protected areas
and has led to a
37
%
decrease.
What were the limitations of the ARPA project in ARF
illegal
logging was still happening
the
protected
areas were an
obstacle
to
economic growth
What were the successes of the ARPA project in the ARF
37
%
decrease
when the programme turned
15
it reached
100
% of its
targets
What was the surui people and UN- RED scheme
UN-REDD
are trying to help the
tribe
of
surui
people to
protect
the
forest.
They are giving
trees
to
plant
and been told to report
illegal logging
also given
carbon credits
What were the benefits of the UNREDD project
The carbon offsets were equivalent to
64,000
cars been removed from the road a year
in
2013
they sold
120,000
tonnes of carbon to
natura
What were the limitations of the UN REDD scheme
Suspended in
2016
due to
logging
carbon
credit
programme collapsed after they discovered
diamonds beneath
the forest.
What did the CREES foundation do
Promote
agroforestry- a
Peruvian
based NGO. Provide
training
and
loans
Where is arctic tundra located
Arctic
circle in the
northern
hemisphere
What is the climate of arctic tundra
Only
137mm
of
rainfall
a
year
average temp is about
-12
can reach
-40
in
winter
What is permafrost
Ground
that has been
frozen
for
2
years
What is unfrozen found within permafrost called
Talik
What is the water cycle like in the arctic tundra
Very
low
, little
precipitation
so little
evaporation
What are the seasonal changes to the water cycle in the arctic tundra
In the
summer
months there is more
surface
water due to
melting
and
thawing
What factors affect the water cycle in the arctic tundra
Temperature
rock
porosity
where Is most carbon stored in the arctic tundra
trapped
in
frozen permafrost
What is the carbon cycle like in the arctic tundra
Very little
photosynthesis
and
respiration.
What happens in the summer in arctic tundra
Longer daylight
hours so plants begin to
grow
and
carbon
is
absorbed
Where is the oil industry in Alaska
Prudhoe bay
Alaska (
1968
)
What does oil do for the north slope of Alaska
Generates
1/2
of
GDP
1/4
of
jobs
the
trans Alaskan pipeline
was developed
800
miles long
How has the oil industry affected the water cycle
Permafrost thaws
so there is more
run off
which increases
flood risk.
Increased
precipitation
due to more
evaporation
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