Science

• Volcano - Opening or vent in planet’s crust
• Active volcano - Erupted within the last 10,000 years (Ex: Mayon (Albay), Taal (Batangas), Pinatubo (Zambales)
• Volcano:

  • An opening or vent in a planet’s crust where molten rocks and gases escape from below
• Active Volcano:

  • Erupting/showing unusual signs of activity
  • Erupted within the last 10,000 years
  • Examples: Mayon (Albay), Taal (Batangas), Pinatubo (Zambales)
• Inactive Volcano:

  • Has not erupted in historical times
  • Suddenly resumed eruption
  • More likely inactive
  • Examples: Makiling (Laguna & Batangas), Mahagnao (Leyte), Labo (Camarines Norte)
• Magma Chambers serve as reservoirs for molten rock, leading to volcanic eruptions when the pressure builds up sufficiently
• Vent is the pathway for the magma, also known as volcanic openings or fissures
• Lava Flows are molten rock that oozes onto the Earth's surface, varying in temperature and viscosity, resulting in different types of volcanic landforms and landscapes
• Volcanic Bombs are ejected with great force, can travel significant distances from the volcano before solidifying
• Lava Dome can grow over time as layers of lava accumulate, often posing potential hazards
• Eruption Clouds are billowing masses of volcanic gases, ash, and particles
• Tephra forms when magma is thick and sticky, preventing gases from escaping easily
• Eruption Columns are towering plumes of volcanic ash, gases, and other materials with the potential to impact climate and aviation
• Acid Rain is caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emitted from volcanoes reacting with water molecules in the air
• Lahar, a mixture that can devastate entire communities and ecosystems when flowing rapidly down volcanic slopes
• Pyroclastic Flow is a fast-moving mixture of hot gas, volcanic ash, and fragmented rock
• Lahar, a mixture that can devastate entire communities and ecosystems when flowing rapidly down volcanic slopes
• Fumaroles are vents on a volcano's surface where gases and steam escape into the atmosphere
• Cracks, also known as fissures or fractures, can form due to tectonic stresses, allowing magma to rise and potentially leading to eruptions
• Types of Volcanoes:

  • Composite Volcano: tall mountain with a crater on top, known for violent eruptions, most common type with magma high in silica
• Shield Volcano: flat and warrior's shield-shaped, reaches a great distance from the crater, with magma low in silica
• Cinder Cones Volcano: usually small, made of pyroclasts, erupt once, and form steep slopes around their wide crater
• Crust is thin, 35 km thick under continents and 10 km under oceans, with continental crust being thinner and less dense than oceanic crust
• Mantle is thick, located beneath the lithosphere
• Inner Core is solid, while the Outer Core is liquid
• Climate:

  • Weather is short-term, the state of the atmosphere at any particular time
  • Climate is long-term, the average weather of a particular part of the world at different times of the year
• Climate of the Philippines is tropical and maritime, characterized by high temperature, high humidity, and abundant rainfall
• Global Warming is the increase in ambient temperature due to the release of greenhouse gases, while Climate Change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns
• Star:

  • Giant balls of hot gas, mostly hydrogen with some helium
  • Every star has its own life cycle, with properties changing as it ages
• Very bright, large stars are very hot and massive, having a bluish color, while dimmer, smaller stars are lighter and live for several billion years
• Nebulae are clouds and dust, Supernovae are colossal explosions of stars, and Black Holes form when massive stars collapse at the end of their life
• Nuclear Fusion is when two or more lighter nuclei come together to make a heavy nucleus
• Red Stars appear cold
• Apparent Magnitude is how bright a star appears from Earth, while Absolute Magnitude is its standard brightness
• Constellations are patterns in the sky, with Winter Constellations appearing in the sky every winter season
• Luminosity is the intrinsic measurable property of a star independent of distance, and Magnitude is a measure of the brightness of a star or other celestial body
• Blue or White Star - hot stars appear