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• analytical chemistry - measurement of science consisting of a set of powerful ideas
• july 04, 1997 - pathfinder spacecraft delivered the sojourner rover to martian surface
• January 2004 - the Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity arrived on Mars for a three-month mission
• 2010 - Spirit continued to explore and transmit data until...
• late 2011 - the Mars Science Laboratory aboard the rover Curiosity was launched.
• Qualitative analysis - establishes the chemical identity of the species in the sample
• Quantitative analysis - determines the relative amounts of these species, or analytes, in numerical terms
• chemistry - science that deals with the study of the changes in composition which matter undergoes and the transformation of energy accompanying these changes
• matter - anything that has weight and occupies space (Solid, Liquid and Gas)
• Physical (Intrinsic and Extrinsic) - it is how the matter appears in nature, ex. color, odor, taste, texture, boiling, freezing, melting and etc
• Chemical – the property that enters into chemical reactions
• Physiological – the physiological behavior when taken into the body
• Physical change – involves in the changes in form and appearance, but without affecting their chemical nature
• Chemical change - involves the change in its composition
• Atom – the smallest particle of an element which enters into a chemical combination, composed of a nucleus and around it revolves the electrons
• Molecule – is the smallest particle of matter that can exist in a free state capable of entering into chemical change and is a combination of atoms of the same kind or different atoms
• Element – simplest particle of matter which is incapable of being divided and can enter into chemical combination. It cannot be decomposed into simpler materials by ordinary processes
• Mixture – is a mass if ingredients with a variable proportion
• Heterogeneous mixture - a combination of 2 or more substances which can be separated one from the other by mechanical means (Filtration, floatation, centrifugation, distillation, fractional distillation, fractional distillation, fractional crystallization, chromatography)
• Homogenous mixture - a combination of 2 or more substances which cannot be separated from one another by mechanical means, even by filtration and decantation
• Compound - a combination of two or more elements at a definite proportion. It must conform to a general law that a compound would always have definite composition at a definite proportion.
• COMPOUND Characteristics

  They cannot be separated into their component substance by chemical means

  They are homogenous in composition

  They have definite proportion by weight of the substance from which they were made
• Classification of Compound according to the number of elements present

  Binary, Ternary, Quaternary
• classification of compound according to form

  isomorphous, polymorphous, metamorphous, isomeric, polymer
• Isomorphous - different compounds crystallize in the same form which is also known as isomorphism.
• Polymorphous – compounds forming 2 or more different types of crystals also known as polymorphism
• Metamorphous – the same compound but they can be changed into one form to another
• Isomeric – a class of organic compounds in which compounds having the same molecular formula, but differs in physical and chemical properties and the phenomenon is termed as isomerism
• Polymer – is a class of organic compounds in which two or more compounds have the same percentage of elements present in the compound.
• If the molecules of the compound is taken twice, it is termed as Monomer, if more than twice it is termed as polymer and the phenomenon is termed polymorphism
• acid - a substance that produces hydrogen ion when dissolved in water. (formula=HX; where X is a monoatomic or polyatomic anion)
• Bronsted-Lowry theory – an acid is a proton donor
• Lewis electronic theory – an acid is an electron acceptor
• bases - substance that produces hydroxide ion when dissolved in water. Ionic compounds that are bases are named as any other compounds
• salts - substance whose water solution contains a positive ion other than the hydrogen ion and a negative ion other than the hydroxide ion
• atom - the smallest particle of an element that retains its chemical identity
• DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY

  • PURE( Inorganic, Organic, Physical, Analytical)

  • APPLIED (Industrial, Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
• typical quantitative analysis

  choosing a method

  acquiring the sample

  processing the sample

  eliminating interferences

  calibrating and measuring concentration

  calculating results

  evaluating results by estimating reliability
• Qualitative analysis - reveals the identity of the elements and compounds in a sample
• Quantitative analysis - indicates the amount of each substance in a sample