Bacte

• Microbiology is the study of organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye
• Lucretius and Girolamo Fracastoro believed that disease is caused by invisible living creatures
• Francesco Stelluti made the earliest microscopic observations between 1625-1630 using a microscope by Galileo
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe microorganisms, calling them animacules, and is considered the first true microbiologist
• Spontaneous generation refers to the concept of life arising from non-living matter, while biogenesis states that life arises from pre-existing life
• Aristotle believed in spontaneous generation, suggesting that animals could originate from the soil
• Francisco Redi's experiment with jars of meat covered with fine lace disproved the idea of maggots arising from decaying meat
• Louis Pasteur, known as the father of bacteriology, made significant contributions to microbiology
• Edward Jenner discovered a way to protect people from smallpox through vaccination
• Ignaz Semmelweis demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent the spread of diseases
• Joseph Lister is known as the father of antiseptic surgery for his use of phenol as an antiseptic
• Robert Koch formulated criteria that provided proof that a specific organism can cause diseases
• Walther Hesse and Fannie Eilshemius suggested the use of agar as a solidifying agent in microbiology
• Julius Richard Petri developed the petri dish, a common tool in microbiology laboratories
• Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky contributed to the development of the enrichment culture technique in microbiology
• Charles Jules Henry Nicolle identified lice as the transmitter of epidemic typhus
• Paul Ehrlich developed the chemotherapeutic agent Salvarsan
• Gerhard Domagk discovered the first commercially available antibiotic, sulfonamidochrysiodine
• Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic
• Selman Waksman discovered streptomycin, another important antibiotic
• Phycology is the study of algae, while algae are simple aquatic organisms
• Bacteriology is the study of bacteria, the simplest single-celled prokaryotic organisms
• Mycology is the study of fungi, which are microscopic eukaryotic forms
• Protozoology is the study of protozoans, mostly single-celled eukaryotic microbes
• Virology is the study of viruses, which have a DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein coat
• Parasitology is the study of parasitism and parasites, with parasites being eukaryotic organisms that exist as unicellular or multicellular
• Taxonomy is the academic discipline of defining groups of organisms based on shared common characteristics
• Classification categorizes organisms based on genotype and phenotype, with genotype referring to the genetic makeup and phenotype to observable physical and functional features
• In the binomial system of nomenclature, the genus is always written with a capital letter, while the species is never capitalized
• Different bacteria are identified by specific names, such as gonococcus for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and pneumococcus for Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis in cells
• Metachromatic granules are reserves of polyphosphates used in the synthesis of ATP
• Polysaccharide granules consist of glycogen and starch granules in cells
• The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that envelope the cytoplasm
• The periplasmic space is located between the cell matrix and the cell wall
• Porins are water-filled structures that control the passage of nutrients and solutes in cells
• Flagella are responsible for the swarming motility of Proteus bacteria
• Fimbriae, like common pili, are used for adherence in cells
• Pili, including sex pili, join bacterial cells for the preparation of DNA transfer
• Different bacterial shapes include cocci (spherical or ellipsoidal), bacilli (cylindrical or rod-shaped), and spirochetes (spiral-shaped)