Pananaliksik

• Ang pananaliksik ay isang sistematikong proseso ng paghahanap, pag-aaral, at pagsusuri ng mga impormasyon upang makabuo ng bagong kaalaman o malalim na pag-unawa sa isang partikular na paksa.
• Research Design


  Refers to the plan, path, blueprint, and overall strategy utilized to carry out research through the collection, interpretation, analysis, and discussion of data
• Quasi-Experimental Research


  • Although the independent variable is manipulated, the participants are not randomly assigned to conditions or orders of conditions
  • Resembles experimental research but is not true experimental research
• Case Study Research


  • In-depth study at one person, group, or event
  • Nearly every aspect of the subject’s life and history is analyzed to seek patterns and causes of behavior
• Research Method


  The strategy used to implement the design
• Types of Research

  • Descriptive
  • Correlation
  • Causal-Comparative
  • Experimental
  • Phenomenological
  • Historical
  • Case Study
  • Grounded Theory
  • Ethnography
  • Narrative
• Quantitative Research

  • Focuses on testing theories and hypothesis
  • Analyzed through the use of statistical analysis
  • Mainly expressed in numbers, tables, and graphs
  • Requires a large number of respondents
  • Uses closed-ended questions
  • Uses controlled and modified variables
  • Uses a hypothesis
• Correlation Research


  • Measures two variables and assesses the statistical relationship (the correlation) between them with little or no effort to control extraneous variables
• Phenomenological Research


  • Focuses on the study of an individual’s lived experiences within the world
  • Understanding the ontological (theory of being) and epistemology (theory of knowledge) assumptions underpinning these approaches is essential for successful conducting phenomenological research
• Research Design

  1. Collect

  2. Interpret

  3. Analyze

  4. Discuss
• Descriptive Research


  • Aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation, or phenomenon
  • Can answer what, where, when, how, and why
  • Applicable to both quantitative and qualitative research
• Types of Research Methods

  • Quantitative
  • Qualitative
• Qualitative Research


  • Focuses on exploring and explaining ideas and experiences
  • Analyzed by summarizing, categorizing, and interpreting
  • Mainly expressed in words through narrations
  • Does not require a large number of respondents
  • Uses open-ended questions
  • Focuses on an individual, a particular set of people
  • Does not use a hypothesis
• True-Experimental Research

  • Thought to be the most accurate type of experimental research because of its main characteristics of random assignment
• Causal-Comparative Research


  • Attempts to identify cause-effect relationship between two or more groups
  • Investigates the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable by comparing two or more groups of individuals
• Historical Research


  • Studies the meaning of past events in an attempt to interpret the facts and explain the cause of events, and their effect in the present events
  • Researchers rely heavily on primary historical data and less frequently on secondary historical data
• Grounded Theory Research


  • Concerned with the generation of theory, which is grounded in data that has been systematically collected and analyzed
• Case study


  1. In-depth study at one person, group, or event

  2. Nearly every aspect of the subject’s life and history is analyzed to seek patterns and causes of behavior
• Ethnography

  1. Study through direct observation of users in their natural environment rather than in a lab

  2. Objective is to gain insights into how users interact with things in their natural environment
• Grounded theory


  1. Concerned with the generation of theory grounded in systematically collected and analyzed data

  2. Used to uncover social relationships and behaviors of groups, known as social processes
• Historical research

  1. Rely heavily on primary historical data

  2. Less frequently on secondary historical data
• Narrative research

  1. Collecting and telling a story or stories chronologically and in detail

  2. Write narratives about experiences of individuals, describe a life experience of individuals and discuss the meaning of the experience with the individual

  3. Focused on studying an individual person where the researcher becomes the interpreter of the individual’s stories