the reign of henry viii after 1529

• 1529- reformation parliment opens

  • sits on and off for 6 years
  • doesnt make big steps for first 3
• 1529- reformation parliment

  thomas more is the chancellor

  he says he would take the job as long as he wouldnt have anything to do with the divorce as he didnt agree with henrys rational\logic on it
• 1529- reformation parliment

  3 groups of people trying to put pressure on henry, at this stage we have:

  queens faction: against heresy and want to defend catherine

  radicals:religously radical. moving towards reform church. includes people like cromwell and cranmer. would have association with anne

  conservatives: didnt like wolsley. dont think theres need for a reform or change
• 1529- reformation parliment

  was called to discuss the "divers new enormities" and to settke the matter of divorce.

  henry wanted all the univeristys to find evidence to use as why he can get a divorce
• evidence henry found as why he can get a divorce

  'privilgium angliae'- old bit of legal law which said no court case could be heard outside of england

  council of nicea(325)- church cases couldnt be heard outside their eclesiastical area

  rome cant have a say

  when he is looking around he starts to get info that suggests he should be looking after church
• 1529- act to deal with anticlericalism

  deals with issues raised about the clergy

  most catholics would have agreed with this

  its a little attack on the hierarchy of the church- some bishops in the HofL's werent happy
• 1530- collectanea satis copiosa

  a collection of books from librarys to start building up his case against the church

  accuses the church of praemunire(obedience to a foreign ruler- the pope)
• 1531

  henry demands that he is known as "sole protector and also supreme head of the english church"

  parliment sqaid only ' as far as the law of christ allows'- means pope is head of the church
• privy council

  after the fall of wolsley the counicl became more important
• privy council - 2 sections

  inner circle - stayed with king

  outer circle - stayed in london
• privy counicl

  privy coucil looks after advising the king and the day to day running of the king
• privy council

  by 1540 they have thier own clark and minute book ( writes down everything said in meetings) more written record due to fixed goverment position

  had gov officals - duke of norflok, cranmer, cromwell, earl of suffolk
• privy council

  king doesnt sit there very often

  he will sit with cromwell and decide what is going to be discussed

  cromwell dominates the meetings

  decisons are made by vote
• privy council

  " to remeber the kibg for the establishement of the counci" cromewell 1534
• privy council

  john guy doesnt thunk cromwell planed he just thinks its to do with circumstances and their need to develop a stable gov

  evidence: the people on the council arent very like cromwell

  john guy - " was created less because (cromwell) lived than because he died" more important after his death
• privy council

  its activitys were predominantly advising the king and executing policy rather than administration of justice
• privy council

  by 1533 cromwell was responsible for drawing up the agenda for council meetings
• privy council and cromwell

  the view cromwell had transfomed the council has come into critisism becasue the courts associated with the council, star chamber and the court of requests have been devolped by wolsley. in both cases we have cromwell not creating anythinh new
• legacy of cromwell

  privy council stays a feature but when somerset takes over( when ed king) he ignores it

  court of augmentation no longer needed

  mary combines alot of the courts and calls it exchequr

  royal finance imporved before cromwell go brought in £100,000. cromwell trebels it
• fall of cromwell

  hes excuted over treason charges in 1540
• fall of cromwell

  arrested by the duke of norfolk in court

  act of atainder against him - he was found to be the most false and corrupt traitor deciveer and circumtator

  was a heretic and had encourged heretics and sacramentorians
• fall of cromwell

  after his arrest he was kept alive for 6 years to organise divorce of anne of cleaves

  28th july 1540 he is executed
• what brought about fall of cromwell - henry viii

  henry disposes of people when he doesnt need them anymore or if they dont do as he asks
• what brought about fall of cromwell - court faction

  conservative faction ( bishop of gardier, duke of norfolk) start working against cromwell is to blame for the anne of cleaves marriage which henry wasnt keen on - the suggest katherine howard instead and they get it right

  duke of norflok sees cromwell as upstart and doesnr belive he should be there - told king cromweel was heretic
• what brought about fall of cromwell - religon

  accused of heresy and encourgaing sacramentics
• what brought about fall of cromwell - foerign policy

  1538 truce of nice between charles and francis to last 10 years( only 18 months) cromwell suggests him marrying anne of cleaves as an ally to protect himself. by time she arrives marriage not nessecary - cromwell gets blame. cromweel said anne was pretty but henry disagreed. strongly assoicated with unpopular marriage
• fall of wolsey

  it was easier for henry to get rid of cromweel than wolsey and moore as he had liked wolsey and moore as he had alot in common with them. cromweel and henry have nothing in common
• finance

  • in 1532 cromwell is appointed as MASTER OF THE KINGS JEWELS - he takes this office and transformed it into the ROYAL TREAURY

  he organised the royal treaury into 6 departments

  • EXCHEQUR - old department that already existed, looks after old crown money e.g custom duties
  • DUCHY OF LANCASTER - crown land that seperatly administer (existed pre cromwell)
  • CHAMBER( court of general surveyors, 1542) - looks after old crown land
  • COURT OF AUGMENTATIONS - set up to deal with all the money and land that come in from the dissolution of the monastrys
  • COURT OF 1ST FRUITS AND TENTHS - set up in 1540, deals with the money clergy used to pay to the pope that now goes to henry
  • COURT OF WARDS - looks after land and estates of wards of the king
• finance - were these changes due to a master plan prompted by cromwells belief in formal and independent departments?

  • cromwells handling of the court of 1st fruits and tenths doesnt support this view - he kept it very much under his own control, treating it like his own household department and using its resources to finance his policys. it only became free standing after his death
  • the creation of the departments can be seen as an obvious response to particular needs - the 1530s saw an increase in royal income in a number of areas so the new departmnets were set up
• cromwell - the secetary

  job: looking after correspondence like letters that cam in and out of the royal household. the day to day running of what the king needs to do.

  • looked after the royal seal

  cromwell turns this role into SECETARY OF THE STATE in 1539 and elevates its position withing gov. he makes it one of the most importnat positions with its own staff and own department (more beucratic)

  he ensures this position is kept in court

  given so much work that when he steps down the job has to be divided between 2 people
• regions

  1536 - ACT OF UNION WITH WALES

  • wales is brought under the jurisdiction and legal structure of england

  1536 - CALAIS brought under adminstrative and legal structure of england. now sends 2 MPs to parli

  COUNCIL OF NORTH - recognised after the pilgramge of grace

  • meant to look after law and order north of the river trent
  • responsible for food supply, organise JPs etc

  COUNCIL OF THE WEST - set up in 1539 after the execution of the marquis of exeter to look after royal affairs in the west

  council doesnt last long after cromwells fall
• pilgramge of grace

  3 rebellions:

  • october 1536 - lincolnshire
  • october 1536 - yorkshire
  • early 1537 - north west
• pilgramage of grace

  leader of yorkshire rebellion = ROBERT ASKE

  • its a mostly peaceful movement
  • involves gentry, churchem
  • attracts 30,000 men against the duke of norfloks 8,000 men ( kings men)
  • 30,000 men marched into york, duke of norfolk meets them and negotiated terms - disperes them and arranges for robert aske to meet the king
  • duke of norfolk is playing for time - when aske visits king he is excuted along with leaders of the rebellion
  • further 200 men executed. 1 in every area to deter people for rebbeling against the king