Immunity

• Where are leukocytes formed?

  Lymph tissues and bone marrow
• Type of WBC formed in the bone marrow

  granulocytes, monocytes
• Type of WBC formed in lymph tissues

  Lymphocytes, plasma cells
• What activates the blood clotting mechanism?

  Platelets
• They protect the body against invading organisms through phagocytosis or by releasing antimicrobial or

  inflammatory

  Granulocytes and Monocytes
• These are fragments of another type of cell similar to the WBCs

  found in the bone marrow

  Megakaryocytes
• Concentration of Polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the blood

  62%
• Concentration of Polymorphonuclear eosinophils in the blood

  2.3%
• White blood cells (WBCs) are mobile units of the body's protective system, formed in the bone marrow and lymph tissue, specifically transported to areas of serious infection and inflammation

  
• Types of WBCs include polymorphonuclear neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells
• Granulocytes and monocytes protect the body against invading organisms through phagocytosis or by releasing antimicrobial or inflammatory substances
• Platelets, fragments of cells similar to WBCs, activate the blood clotting mechanism
• Neutrophils are mature cells that can attack and destroy bacteria even in the circulating blood, while macrophages begin life as blood monocytes and become tissue macrophages once in the tissues
• Diapedesis is the process where a small portion of a cell slides through a pore at a time, while chemotaxis causes neutrophils and macrophages to move toward the source of specific chemicals in the tissues
• Phagocytosis is the cellular ingestion of foreign particles by neutrophils and macrophages, involving selective procedures like rough surface recognition and the complement cascade
• Phagocytosis by neutrophils involves attaching to a particle, projecting pseudopodia, creating an enclosed chamber, and digesting the particle using lysosomes and bactericidal agents
• The monocyte-macrophage cell system, or reticuloendothelial system, includes monocytes, mobile macrophages, fixed tissue macrophages, and specialized endothelial cells in various organs
• Inflammation is characterized by vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, migration of granulocytes and monocytes into the tissue, and swelling of tissue cells, with various chemical mediators involved
• Concentration of Polymorphonuclear basophils in the blood

  3.4%
• Differential white blood cell count

  
• Phagocytosis is a process in which a cell engulfs a foreign particle, digests it, and uses the nutrients to fuel its own growth and metabolism

  
• Macrophages engulf and destroy viruses

  
• Neutrophil extravasation process: Neutrophils roll, adhere, tightly bind to the endothelium, diapedese, and migrate into inflamed tissue

  
• T helper cells differentiate into effector T cells

  
• B and T lymphocytes are essential for the body's immune response

  
• Clonal selection and affinity maturation of B cells

  
• Concentration of Monocytes in the blood

  5.3%
• An antibody is a protein produced by the immune system in response to a foreign substance, binding to and helping to destroy it

  
• Macrophages are present within minutes of inflammation, enlarging rapidly and becoming mobile, serving as the first line of defense
• Neutrophils are the second line of defense, with reactions including increased expression of adhesion molecules, diapedesis, and chemotaxis leading to neutrophilia
• Macrophage invasion is the third line of defense, with a delay in monocyte maturity and eventual dominance of phagocytic cells
• Eosinophils are weak phagocytes involved in parasitic infections and allergic reactions
• Basophils release histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin, playing a role in allergic reactions
• Leukopenia involves the bone marrow producing very few white blood cells, while leukemia is the uncontrolled production of white blood cells due to cancerous mutations
• Acquired immunity involves the development of specific immunity against individual invading agents, mediated by humoral and cellular immunity
• T and B lymphocytes react specifically against antigens, with T-helper cells activating B lymphocytes to produce antibodies
• Concentration of Lymphocytes in the blood

  30%
• Macrophages play a crucial role in activating lymphocytic clones and promoting growth and reproduction of specific lymphocytes
• Attachment is a strong reciprocal emotional bond between an infant and a primary caregiver

  
• Phagocytosis is a process in which a cell engulfs a foreign particle, such as a bacterium or a dead cell, digests it, and uses the nutrients to fuel its own growth and metabolism