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• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances whose compositions are uniformly distributed and may be varied within definite limits
• In a mixture, the dissolved substance is a solute while the dissolving medium is known as a solvent
• Types of solutions based on the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent:

  • Dilute Solution: low concentration, less amount of solute dissolved in each solvent, also known as unsaturated solution
• Presence of solute in and out of a cell membrane:

  • Hypotonic: low solute, high solvent, concentration inside the cell is higher than outside, allows water to enter causing the cell to burst (cytolysis)
• Factors affecting the rate of dissolving:

  • Stirring (Agitation): affects how fast a solute dissolves in a solvent by moving solvent particles faster, allowing more interaction between solute and solvent particles
• Factors affecting the rate of dissolving:

  • Heating: gives solvent particles more kinetic energy, faster motion leads to greater collision with solute particles, increasing the rate of dissolution
• Factors affecting the rate of dissolving:

  • Powdering: smaller solute particles increase surface area in contact with the solvent, powdered solute dissolves faster than granules
• Presence of solute in and out of a cell membrane:

  • Isotonic: equal solute and solvent, concentration inside and outside the cell is balanced, movement of water in and out of the cell is balanced
• Presence of solute in and out of a cell membrane:

  • Hypertonic: high solute, low solvent, higher concentration outside the cell than inside, allows solvent to leave causing the cell to shrink (plasmolysis)
• Types of solutions based on the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent:

  • Saturated Solution: maximum amount of solute dissolved in each amount of solvent, rate of dissolving equals rate of crystallizing
• Types of solutions based on the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent:

  • Supersaturated Solution: amount of solute dissolved is more than the maximum, very unstable, excess solute crystallizes with minimal change in conditions, also called concentrated
• There are different types of solution according to the:

  ➢ Amount of solute dissolved in a solvent

  ➢ Presence of solute in and out of a cell membrane

  ➢ According to Phase