Reproduction

• REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS is the process by which mature individuals produce offsprings.
• •Divided into 2 models: Sexual and Asexual.
• •Procreation – sustain the species so that it does not become extinct.
• •Quality improvement – it allows for mixing of genetic materials leading to variation.
• ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  • does not involve gametes.
• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  -  It involves fertilization.
• vAsexual reproduction in plants

  • Vegetative reproduction - new plant is clone of the parent plant which means they are genetically similar.
• vSexual Reproduction

  flowers are the sexual reproductive  structure of angiosperms (flowering plants)

  • Seed and fruit development
• 1. SEPALS – green leaf-like, serve to protect the flower while still in a bud.
• 2. PETALS – its color attracts pollinators.
• 3. STAMENS – contain the sperm produce by anther; consist of anther and filament.
• Ovary – houses one or more ovules that contains eggs.
• Style – holds the stigma up
• Stigma – where the pollen ends up.
• 4. CARPELS – made up of stigma, style, and ovary.
• •BUDDING – occurs when a new individual form as an outgrowth from any part of a living organism such as seen in hydra.
• Hydra can switch from asexual to sexual reproduction.
• •BINARY FISSION – parent individual divides itself in to two to produce another individual
• •FRAGMENTATION – separation of an individual into pieces to form new individual – a process called regeneration.
• •HERMAPRODITISM – have both sexual reproductive system of male and female. This is common in invertebrates such as worms, slugs, and snails.
• FERTILIZATION is •Union of egg and sperm cell to produce zygote.
• 1.EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION

  -  used by aquatic animals such as fishes and amphibians.

  • Both male and female individuals release their gametes in the environment where fertilization occurs.
• 1.INTERNAL FERTILIZATION

  Utilized by terrestrial organisms.

  -Copulation is necessary. Complex organs for the delivery and the storage of gametes are needed such as seen in human reproductive system.
• Ovary – where egg cells are produced. Known as the female gonad.
• Ovulation – monthly release of one egg, starts at puberty and ends at menopause.
• Oviduct/Fallopian tube – egg cell moves toward the oviduct swept by the cilia.
• Fertilization occur here if sperm is present.
• Uterus – nourish the developing fetus prior to birth.
• endometrium lining of uterus is rich with blood vessels that pass nutrients to and wastes from the embryo to the mother.
• Cervix – forms the neck of the uterus.
• Vagina – thin and composed of strong muscles. It receives the sperm during copulation.
• Testis – male gonad that produces the sperm.
• Epididymis – where sperm developed and stored.
• Vas deferens – transfer matured sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation.
• Penis - used to urinate and for  reproduction in people who are born biologically male.
• Ejaculation – release of semen that occurs during male orgasm.
• Semen – made up of sperms secreted. Approx. 200-500 million sperms in 2-5ml (1 teaspoon) of secretions.
• Scrotum – responsible for protecting the testes. It keeps the temperature of the testis several degrees below the average body temperature, which is an essential factor for sperm production.
• Three Glands that secreted semen. seminal vesicle and prostate gland Bulbourethral secretion