Bio Ch. 34

• Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall rich in cellulose
• some plants have a rigid second cell wall
• plants carry out photosynthesis
• The structure of plant's body is dynamic
• autotroph organisms make their own carbohydrates
• The ground tissue system?


  is any type of cell that generates the interior part of the plant
• Parenchyma?


  creates interior part of plant system; storage or does photosynthesis, thin cell wall
• totipotent?


  capacity in plant cell that is only relatable to parenchyma; have the capability to multiply and generate extra tissue
• Collenchyma?


  thicker cell wall; no chrolorplast; generates strength and regility
• Sclerenchyma?


  made of fiber and sclereid tissues; thin cell wall contains tough, rigid lignin and cellulose
• Sclereids?


  only in plants to generated regility or protection
• The Vascular tissue system?

  made up of two tissues: xylem and phloem
• Xylem?

  vascular system responsible for transporting minerals and water from the soil into the shoot system
• phloem?


  vessel elements responsible for carrying carbohydrates, sugar, amino acids, and whats getting synthesized from the leaves into the root system (not dead)
• Xylem structures?

  vessel elements and tracheids; hollow tubes that are alligned vertically that carries water and minerals (dead)
• perforations?


  walls in between vessile elements that allow water to circulate in the system
• pits?


  all of the holes on external walls of vessile elements through which water moves
• phloem structure?

  contains two types of cells: sieve-tube elements and companion cells
• Sieve-tube elements?


  long, thin cells with perforated ends called sieve plates
• Companion cells?


  maintain the cytoplasm and plasma membrane of sieve-tube elements
• Meristems?

  populations of undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to undergo mitosis
• Apical meristems?


  found at the tip of each root and shoot; responsible for primary growth
• Apical meristems 3 primary meristems?

  Protoderm, ground meristem, procambium
• Protoderm?

  gives rise to the dermal tissue system
• Ground meristem?


  gives rise to the ground tissue system
• Procambium?

  gives rise to the vascular tissue system
• Root apical meristem is protected by?

  a group of cells called the root cap
• Root cap?

  sense gravity to determine direction of growth; secretes a slimy lubricant to reduce friction as the apical meristem is pushed through soil
• Secondary growth?

  increases witdth of roots and shoots; increases amount of tissue which provides structural support
• Cambium?


  forms cyliner that runs the length of the root, trunk, or branch
• Secondary growth produces what?

  wood; occurs in speces that have a cambium in addition to apical meristems
• What are the 2 types of cambium in plants?

  Vascular and Cork
• Vascular cambium?

  generate secondary xylem and phloem; produced to the outside, transport of sugar, aa, and hormones
• Cork Cambium?

  produced to the outside near the root, trunk, or branch; protection
• What do Cork Cambia produce?

  cork cells to the exterior of the trunk; secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork cells make up the bark of a tree trunk
• Structure of a tree trunk?

  Older, innermost secondary xylem makes protective coumpounds like resins and gums; Dark-colored, inner xylem is called heartwood; light-colored, outer xylem is called sapwood
• Lenticels?

  generated on the surface of the bark; responsible for allowing the gas to go in and out of the tree
• Dendroecology?


  the science of dating tree growth rings
• Dormancy?

  when vascular cambium stops growing for a portion of each year; takes place during winter in cold climates; during dry season in tropical habitats