immunity & antigen-antibody

• The two main types of immunity are active and passive:

  • Active immunity: body produces its own antibodies in response to an infection
  • Passive immunity: antibodies transferred from one individual to another through the placenta, breast milk, or blood transfusion
• COVID-19 IgG/IgM rapid test cassette detects antibodies against COVID-19 in a person's blood, providing a yes/no answer within 10-15 minutes

  
• Antigens are recognized by the immune system as foreign or harmful, while antibodies are produced to bind to and neutralize antigens, triggering an immune response

  
• Two methods of agglutination: Tube agglutination and Slide agglutination, used to determine the presence of antibodies in a sample by causing antigens to clump together
• Complement fixation test determines if a patient has antibodies to a specific antigen, like sheep red blood cells
• Comparison of two types of immunoassays: lattice and nonlattice, in terms of sensitivity
• Immunity is the body's ability to prevent pathogen invasion or resist harmful microorganisms
• Innate immunity includes general and physical barriers like skin and stomach acid, while adaptive immunity is created in response to exposure to a foreign substance
• Differences between innate and adaptive immunity: presence, specificity, rapid response, potency, memory, and allergic reactions
• Characteristics of effective vaccines: safety, protection, long-lasting effects, cost, and administration
• Antisera and antitoxins: specific immunoglobulins prepared from plasma, examples include snake venom and rabies vaccine
• Immunoglobulins: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE - functions and concentrations in the body
• Antigen-antibody reaction: interactions are highly specific, forming immune complexes, and the importance of the fit between epitopes and paratopes
• Components of immunizing agents: suspending fluid, preservatives, stabilizers, antibiotics, and adjuvants
• Allergic reactions may occur if the recipient is sensitive to any additives in vaccines
• Adjuvants enhance the immune response to vaccines containing inactivated microorganisms
• Antigen-antibody reactions are specific interactions where each antibody binds to a specific antigen, similar to a lock and key mechanism
• Immune complexes are formed when antigens bind to antibodies, acting as a unit in the immune response
• The two main types of immunity are active and passive:

  • Active immunity: the body produces its own antibodies in response to an infection
  • Passive immunity: antibodies are transferred from one individual to another through the placenta, breast milk, or a blood transfusion
• Artificial immunity includes prophylactic (vaccine given to prevent infection) and therapeutic (antibodies given to treat infection) types
• The COVID-19 IgG/IgM rapid test cassette is used to detect antibodies against COVID-19 in a person's blood, providing a yes/no answer within 10-15 minutes

  
• Antigens are molecules recognized by the immune system as foreign, while antibodies are proteins produced to bind to and neutralize antigens, triggering an immune response
• Agglutination methods include tube and slide agglutination, used to determine the presence of antibodies in a sample by causing antigens to clump together
• The complement fixation test determines if a patient has antibodies to a specific antigen, like sheep red blood cells, by observing if the complement is fixed to the antigen-antibody complex
• Ag-Ab reactions involve processes like agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation, ELISA, immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, immuno-fixation, and immuno-electrophoresis
• Precipitation occurs when a soluble antigen combines with antibodies to form an insoluble precipitate, while complement fixation involves the lysis of RBC or bacteria using complement
• ELISA, immunofluorescence, and radioimmunoassay are techniques used to detect antigens or antibodies in samples with high sensitivity and specificity