Cells

Cards (41)

  • Parts of the cell:
    • Cell wall: encloses the entire plant cell, made of cellulose, rigid, fully permeable, and protects the cell from injury
    • Cell membrane: surrounds the cytoplasm, partially permeable, controls movement of substances in and out of the cell
    • Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance, location of many cell reactions, contains organelles
    • Nucleus: contains genetic information, surrounded by nuclear membrane, essential for cell division
    • Vacuole: fluid-filled space enclosed by a partially permeable membrane, stores substances within the cell
    • Chloroplast: contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis
    • Endoplasmic reticulum: rough ER transports proteins to Golgi body, smooth ER synthesizes proteins and detoxifies
    • Golgi body: chemically modifies substances, stores and packages them in vesicles for secretion
    • Mitochondrion: powerhouse of the cell, breaks down food for energy
    • Ribosomes: make proteins used within the cell or transported out
  • Specialized Cells:
    • Differentiation: process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific function
    • Examples: red blood cell, white blood cell, nerve cell, sperm cell, muscle cell, epithelial cell of small intestine
    • Red Blood Cell: transports oxygen, has haemoglobin, biconcave shape, no nucleus
    • Muscle Cells: responsible for body movement, contain more mitochondria
    • Root Hair Cells: absorb water and mineral ions, elongated with a long protrusion
  • Cell wall:
    • Encloses the entire plant cell, made of cellulose, rigid, and fully permeable
    • Protects the cell from injury and gives it a fixed shape
  • Cell membrane:
    • Surrounds the cytoplasm, partially permeable, controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
  • Cytoplasm:
    • Jelly-like substance mainly made up of water and dissolved substances
    • Location of many reactions within the cell
    • Contains organelles that perform specific jobs within the cell
  • Nucleus:
    • Surrounded by a nuclear membrane, contains genetic information in the form of chromosomes
    • Essential for cell division
    • Chromosomes are made up of proteins and DNA, carrying instructions for cell activities and storing hereditary information
  • Vacuole:
    • Fluid-filled space enclosed by a partially permeable membrane
    • Stores substances within the cell
    • Plant cells have a large central vacuole containing cell sap with dissolved substances like sugars, mineral salts, and amino acids
  • Chloroplast:
    • Oval structures in plant cells containing chlorophyll essential for photosynthesis
  • Endoplasmic reticulum:
    • Continuous membrane system with rough and smooth types
    • Rough ER transports proteins made by ribosomes to the Golgi body for secretion
    • Smooth ER synthesizes proteins like fats and steroids, detoxifies harmful substances
  • Golgi body:
    • Chemically modifies substances made by the ER, stores, and packages them in vesicles for secretion
    • Vesicles transport substances within the cell
  • Mitochondrion:
    • Powerhouse of the cell, breaks down food during aerobic respiration to release energy
  • Ribosomes:
    • Make proteins used within the cytoplasm or transported out of the cell
  • Specialised Cells:
    • Differentiation is the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific function
    • Examples include red blood cells, white blood cells, nerve cells, sperm cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells of the small intestine
  • Red Blood Cell:
    • Transports oxygen, contains haemoglobin, lacks a nucleus, biconcave shape for efficient oxygen transport
  • Muscle Cells:
    • Responsible for body movement, elongated, more mitochondria for higher energy production
  • Root Hair Cells:
    • Absorb water and mineral ions, elongated with a long protrusion for increased absorption rate
  • Light Microscope:
    • Magnifies up to 1500 times, used for observing cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, cytoplasm, nucleus, and large central vacuole in plant cells
  • Electron Microscope:
    • Magnifies up to 500,000 times, used for observing ER, Golgi body, mitochondrion, ribosomes, and animal cell vacuole
  • Cell membrane

    • Surrounds the cytoplasm, partially permeable, controls movement of substances in and out of the cell
  • Nucleus
    • Surrounded by nuclear membrane, contains genetic information in chromosomes, controls cell activities, essential for cell division
  • Cell parts
    1. Cell wall
    2. Cell membrane
    3. Cytoplasm
    4. Nucleus
    5. Vacuole
    6. Chloroplast
    7. Endoplasmic reticulum
    8. Golgi body
  • Chromosomes

    • Thick, rod-shaped structures, made of proteins and DNA, visible at cell division, carries instructions and stores hereditary information
  • Vacuole contents in different cells
    • Animal cell: many small vacuoles with water and food substances
    • Plant cell: large central vacuole with cell sap containing sugars, mineral salts, and amino acids
  • Vesicles
    • Tiny spherical spaces enclosed by a membrane, transport substances within the cell
  • Endoplasmic reticulum

    • Continuous membrane system, rough ER transports proteins to Golgi body, smooth ER synthesizes proteins and detoxifies substances
  • Cytoplasm
    • Jelly-like substance mainly made up of water and dissolved substances, location of many cell reactions, contains organelles
  • Chromatin

    • Long thread-like structure found within the nucleus, condenses to become chromosomes during cell division
  • Cell wall
    • Encloses the entire plant cell, made of cellulose, rigid and fully permeable
    • Protects the cell from injury and gives the plant cell a fixed shape
  • Chloroplast

    • Oval structures containing chlorophyll essential for photosynthesis
  • Golgi body

    • Stack of membrane-bound flattened sacs, chemically modifies substances, stores and packages substances in vesicles for secretion
  • Vacuole

    • Fluid-filled space enclosed by a partially permeable membrane, stores substances within the cell
  • Specialised Cells undergo differentiation, a process by which a cell becomes specialised for a specific function. Examples include red blood cells, white blood cells, nerve cells, sperm cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells of the small intestine
  • Cells in the phloem are long and tubular, allowing for the transport of manufactured food substances within the plant
  • Golgi apparatus

    • Chemically modifies substances made by the ER and stores and packages these substances in vesicles for secretion out of the cell
    • Vesicles are tiny spherical spaces enclosed by a membrane which transports substances within the cell
  • Muscle cells are responsible for body movement, elongated and bundled together to form muscle tissue. They have more mitochondria for higher respiration rates, releasing more energy for contraction and relaxation
  • Mitochondrion

    Sausage-shaped organelles that are the powerhouse of the cell. During aerobic respiration, they break down food to release energy used by the cell for cell activities like growth and reproduction
  • Ribosomes

    Small round structures that lie free in the cytoplasm to make proteins used within the cell. When attached to the RER, they make proteins usually transported out of the cell
  • Root hair cells in plants absorb water and mineral ions from the soil. They are elongated with long and narrow protrusions to increase the surface area-to-volume ratio for higher absorption rates
  • Red Blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. They contain haemoglobin, a pigment that binds reversibly to oxygen, allowing efficient oxygen transport. They lack a nucleus to carry more haemoglobin, enabling more oxygen transport. Their biconcave shape increases the surface area-to-volume ratio for quicker oxygen exchange. Their flexibility allows them to squeeze through narrow capillaries easily
  • Root hair cells have long protrusions that enable them to absorb water and mineral salts efficiently