blood pressure, hypertension, hypotension

• Control of blood pressure involves factors like preload, stroke volume, cardiac output, afterload, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, vascular tone, remodeling, and rarefaction

  
• The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is involved in the long-term regulation of blood pressure and can increase blood pressure
• Hormones that affect blood pressure:

  • Increase blood pressure: renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, ADH
  • Decrease blood pressure: atrial natriuretic peptide hormone
• Mechanism based on sodium:

  • Increase blood pressure: low osmolarity, low sodium concentration, low water concentration lead to low plasma volume and low BP
  • Decrease blood pressure: high osmolarity, high sodium concentration, high water concentration lead to high plasma volume and high BP
• Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) responds to low BP by increasing water reabsorption to raise BP
• The pathogenesis of hypertension involves the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which leads to systemic vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure

  
• The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system involves the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the kidneys, then to angiotensin II in the lungs by ACE, resulting in systemic vasoconstriction

  
• Aldosterone acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidneys to increase sodium and water retention, contributing to increased blood pressure