Bio Lecture 7 & 8

• the nucleus can also be called -

  nuclear envelope
• what is the center is the nucleus called -

  nucleolus
• Chromatin is a complex made of -

  DNA and Protein (histone)
• where does the ribsome assemble?

  in the nucleolus
• The shape of the nucleus is maintained by the ________, which is composed of protein

  Nuclear Lamina
• Pores regulate the entry and exit of molecules from the ___.

  Nucleus
• the ribosome is broken into what 2 units

  Large and small subunit
• What is connected to the nucleus

  endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• The rough ER has what charactersticts -

  side where glycoproteins are made
• the smooth ER makes -


  make carbs and lipids, detoxes poisons and stores calcium
• Define Golgi Apparatus and its function

  -stacks of flattened membranes containing chamber

  -functions: storage, alteration, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes
• the side of the Golgi that faces the ER is called

  Cis Face
• the side of the golgi that faces away from the ER is called

  Trans face
• Define lysosome

  hydrolytic enzymes
• define lysosomal

  hydrolyze enzymes
• What does phagocytosis mean?

  Cell eating
• What does autophagy mean?

  self eating
• What are the 3 types of vacuoles -

  food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles, central vacuoles
• what is a food vacuole

  Formed by phagocytosis
• what is a contractile vacuole

  gets rid of excess water
• What do these characteristics describe:

  - Are not part of the endomembrane system

  - Have a double membrane

  - Have proteins made by free ribosomes

  - Contain their own DNA

  Mitochondria and chloroplasts
• define mitochondrial eve

  the same sequence of mitochondria dna that is passed on, female off spring only
• - ese

  enzyme
• define matrix

  Innermost compartment (fluid) of the mitochondrion
• define plastids

  Colorless leukoplakia that serve as storage bodies for oil, starch, and proteins
• define stroma

  fluid inside chloroplast
• what is it called when oxygen is broken down?

  oxidation
• what do you call a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

  cytoskeleton
• what are three types of molecular structures of the cytoskeleton

  Microtubules• Microfilaments• Intermediate filaments
• what type of energy is required to move within the cell -

  ATP
• Functions of ________

  • Shaping the cell

  • Guiding movement of organelles

  • Separating chromosomes during cell division

  microtubules
• what is the subunit of microtubules -

  tubulin
• microtubules grow out from a _____ near the nucleus

  centrosome
• In animal cells, the centrosome has a pair of _______, each with nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring


  centrioles
• what is the subunit of microfilaments

  actin
• is microfilaments the smallest, medium or largest within the 3 cytoskeletons

  smallest - 7nm
• Functions of _____

  - maintaining cell shape

  - changes in cell shape

  - muscle contraction

  - cytoplasmic streaming

  - cell mobility and division

  Microfilaments
• is intermediate filaments the smallest, medium or largest within the 3 cytoskeletons

  medium, between 8-12nm
• Functions of _____ :

  - maintaince of cell shape

  - anchorage of nucleus and other organelles

  - formation of nuclear lamina

  Intermediate filaments
• What are the holes perforated in cell walls

  plasmodesmata