Alexander III

• When did Alexander III become tsar?

  1881, following the death of his father Alexander II
• When was the statute of state security or emergency powers introduced?

  1881, as a result the minister of interior, provincial governors and police chiefs could do more or less what they wanted
• When was the Okhrana established?

  1881 and a decree of march 1882 allowed the police to declare any citizen subject to surveillance
• When was poll tax abolished?

  1883, by finance minister Bunge
• What was the peasants land bank?

  set up in 1883 to help peasants buy land
• What was the university statute?

  Introduced in 1884 to enforce stricter control on universities
• What was the nobles land bank?

  established in 1885, lent money to nobles at low interest rates to pay off debts or invest in land
• When was the office of land captain established?

  1889
• What was the Zemstva act?

  1890, reduced the independence of the Zemstva
• What was the municipal government act?

  1892, reduced the independence of the municipal councils
• When was the death of Alexander III?

  1894
• Who were the three successive finance ministers under Alexander III?

  Bunge, Vyshnegradsky, and Witte
• What were the main details of the emergency measures?

  Restrictions on civil liberties, arresting people without having to go to court and closing educational institutions or newspapers if public order was considered to be endangered