patho study guide 3-5

• Burns can destroy the skin's function, which includes:

  • Helping with sweating
  • Sensations like pain, pressure, and touch
  • Regulating the rate heat is lost and the rate of fluid through the skin
• Escharotomy removes all dead tissue in burn injuries, relieving pressure on the chest and airway
• Fasciotomy is an incision in the fascia that reduces the chances of compartment syndrome developing, allows blood flow to the area, and relieves pressure
• In the pathophysiology of burns:

  • Initial release of histamines occurs
  • There is an increase or decrease in capillary permeability leading to edema
  • Third spacing happens when fluid moves from the intravascular space to the interstitial space
  • Clots form and migrate to the wound
  • The injury results in fluid and protein loss, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic acidosis
• The immune response to burns aims to protect the body from infection, recognizing and defending against pathogens
• Prostaglandins, produced at the site of injury, can cause pain, inflammation, and fever, and they will dilate and constrict blood vessels
• The 4 types of burn classifications are:

  • 1st degree burn
  • 2nd degree burn (superficial partial thickness)
  • 3rd degree burn (deep partial thickness)
  • 4th degree burn
• The Rules of 9 is a tool used to determine the percentage of body surface area burned, dividing the body into segments of 9%, giving a rough estimate of burn size
• Burn severity is assessed by considering the percentage of body surface area burned, the depth and extent of the burn, the age of the patient, any pre-existing conditions, the location of the burn, and the overall condition of the burn
• The 3 P’s primarily shown in type 1 diabetes are: polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria
• Polyphagia is excessive hunger
• Polydipsia is excessive thirst
• Polyuria is excessive urination
• Type 2 diabetes is where the pancreas is not producing enough insulin or the body is resistant to it
• Type 2 diabetes is seen more in the clinical setting
• Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include: obesity, sedentary lifestyle, family history, and high blood pressure
• LADA can be mistaken for type 2 diabetes
• Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a disorder of glucose where the hormones block insulin
• Diagnosis of diabetes involves blood tests like fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test and oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) test
• In type 1 diabetes, the breakdown of fat causes ketone bodies leading to metabolic acidosis
• Insulin produces additional insulin called amylin which prevents an increase in blood glucose after meals
• Types of insulin include rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting
• Factors influencing insulin absorption and availability include injection site, time, type, speed
• Complications of insulin therapy include lipoatrophy, lipohypertrophy, hypoglycemia, and the dawn phenomenon
• Type 2 diabetes is where the pancreas makes less insulin over time or when the body is resistant to insulin
• Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include obesity, sedentary lifestyle, family history, and high blood pressure
• Drug therapy for type 2 diabetes includes thiazolidinediones, biguanides, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, meglitinide analogues, and sulfonylureas
• Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS) is a complication of type 2 diabetes
• Hypoglycemia occurs when blood glucose levels drop below a certain point
• Prevention for type 2 diabetes includes weight management, physical activity, healthy diet, and regular check-ups
• Chronic complications of diabetes include microvascular and macrovascular complications
• Patient education for diabetes includes insulin storage, dose preparation, syringes, blood glucose monitoring, infection control, and diet therapy
• Myoclonic seizures are characterized by sudden jerking movements and lead to the phase where consciousness is regained and the individual enters a deep sleep called the myoclonic phase
• Atonic seizures, also known as "drop" seizures, are like an "atomic bomb that drops" and cause a sudden loss of muscle tone
• Partial seizures can involve sensory, motor, psychic, or autonomic symptoms and occur when only a part of the brain is affected
• Status epilepticus is a continuous series of seizures without recovery in between, which is a dangerous condition
• Treatment for seizures includes drugs like Carbamazepine (Tegretol), Valproic acid (Depakene), and Phenytoin (Dilantin) that keep the sodium channels open for longer periods to reduce neuron firing frequency
• Absence seizure treatment includes Ethosuximide (Zarontin), Valproic acid (Depakene), and Ethosuximide is the only drug given specifically for absence seizures
• Parkinson's disease is characterized by tremors, bradykinesia, and rigidity, and is a debilitating disease of the nervous system
• Drugs for Parkinson's disease include Levodopa (L-Dopa) which is the main drug, and other drugs that release dopamine or act as dopamine agonists