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    • Inventors of the microscope:
      • 1590: Hans & Zaccharius Janssen, Dutch lens grinders, made the 1st compound microscope (has more than one lens)
      • 1609: Galileo improved on the Janssen's ideas, making a microscope that could be focused
      • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), a Dutch scientist, greatly improved lens grinding and was the first to see bacteria, yeast, blood cells, and life in pond water
    • Robert Hooke (1665) used a compound microscope to look at cork and saw empty boxlike structures that he named "cells"
    • Antonie van Leewenhooke (1676) was the first to observe microorganisms in pond water using a simple microscope
    • Robert Brown (1831) compared diverse plant specimens under the microscope and discovered they all have a nucleus
    • Matthias Schleiden (1838) studied plant parts under the microscope and declared "ALL PLANTS ARE MADE OF CELLS!"
    • Theodor Schwann (1839) observed animal tissues under the microscope and declared "ALL ANIMALS ARE MADE OF CELLS!"
    • Rudolf Virchow (1855) observed living cells dividing and declared "ALL CELLS COME FROM OTHER LIVING CELLS!"
    • Cell theory states:
      • All organisms are made of one or more cells
      • The cell is the basic unit of life which can perform life processes
      • All cells come from other living cells
    • Cell parts and organelles:
      • Surrounding the cell: Cell membrane separates the cell from the external environment, while the cell wall (found in plant cells & bacteria) provides support and maintenance of cell shape
      • Inside the cell: Cytoplasm is a gel-like mixture surrounded by the cell membrane, providing structure and being the site of many metabolic reactions
    • Inside the cell, the nucleus is the control center, directing the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins, containing genetic material (DNA), chromosomes, and the nucleolus, all surrounded by the nuclear membrane with openings that allow material to enter and leave the nucleus