AO3

• What did Zimbardo and his colleagues have high levels of control over?

  Key variables
• Why were participants carefully selected in Zimbardo's study?

  To ensure they were emotionally stable
• What did random allocation of roles rule out in Zimbardo's study?

  Individual personality differences
• What does the strength of Zimbardo's study suggest about behavior differences?

  They are due to assigned social roles
• What does high internal validity indicate about Zimbardo's theory?

  It is credible
• What did Banuazizi and Movahedi argue about participants in Zimbardo's study?

  They were playing acting, not conforming
• What did Banuazizi and Movahedi present to a large sample of students?

  Details of the Stanford prison experiment
• What was the outcome of the students' predictions about the experiment?

  They guessed the purpose and outcome correctly
• Why is the ability of students to predict the study's outcome a limitation?

  Participants likely changed their behavior
• What does the limitation regarding internal validity imply about Zimbardo's study?

  It may not measure conformity to social roles
• What fraction of guards behaved brutally in Zimbardo's study?

  One third
• What did the rest of the guards do instead of behaving brutally?

  Helped and supported the prisoners
• What do Reicher and Haslam argue against Zimbardo's explanation?

  Conformity is due to social identity theory
• What does Reicher and Haslam's argument suggest about Zimbardo's explanation?

  It cannot explain all guard behaviors
• What ethical consideration did Zimbardo acknowledge about his study?

  It should have been stopped earlier
• What did participants not consent to in Zimbardo's study?

  Being arrested at their homes
• How did Zimbardo attempt to address ethical concerns after the study?

  By conducting debriefing sessions
• What conclusion did Zimbardo reach about lasting effects on participants?

  There were no lasting negative effects
• What does the limitation regarding ethics imply about Zimbardo's research?

  It quickly became unethical
• What does the ethical limitation suggest about the benefits of Zimbardo's research?

  They may not outweigh ethical costs
• What was Abu Ghraib known for?

  Torture and abuse of Iraqi prisoners
• What situational factors did Zimbardo believe contributed to the abuses at Abu Ghraib?

  Lack of training, boredom, no accountability
• How do the situational factors relate to both the Stanford prison experiment and Abu Ghraib?

  They made abuse more likely
• What does Zimbardo suggest about the role of guards in both situations?

  They misused their power
• What is a strength of understanding factors leading to abusive behavior?

  It helps prevent future abuses
• What can be implemented to improve outcomes for future guards and prisoners?

  Training and accountability structures
• What are the strengths and limitations of Zimbardo's study?

  Strengths:

  • High control over key variables
  • Suggests behavior differences due to social roles
  • High internal validity

  
  

  Limitations:

  • Participants may have acted based on knowledge of the study
  • Only one third of guards were brutal
  • Ethical concerns regarding participant distress
  • May not measure conformity accurately
• How do situational factors contribute to abusive behavior in prisons?

  • Lack of training
  • Unrelenting boredom
  • No accountability to authority
  • Opportunity to misuse power