CPH lec. - Prelim

• Between the eleventh and second centuries b.c.e., records show that the Chinese were concerned about draining rainwater, protecting their drinking water, killing rats, preventing rabies, and building latrines.
• Confucius (551–479 b.c.e.) such as "Putrid fish … food with unusual colors… foods with odd tastes … food not well cooked is not to be eaten."
• Archeological findings from the Nile river region as early as 2000 b.c.e., indicate that the Egyptians also had environment health concerns with rain and waste water.
• In 1900 b.c.e., Hammurabi, the king of Babylon, prepared his code of conduct that included laws pertaining to physicians and health practices.
• During the years of the classical cultures (500 b.c.e.–500 c.e.), there is evidence that the Greeks were interested in men's physical strength and skill, and in the practice of community sanitation.
• The Romans built upon the Greek's engineering and built aqueducts that could transport water many miles.
• In the Middle Ages (500–1500 c.e.), health problems were considered to have both spiritual causes and spiritual solutions. The failure to account for the role of physical and biological factors led to epidemics of leprosy, the plague, and other communicable diseases.
• the plague epidemic of the fourteenth century, also known as the Black Death, killed 25 million people in Europe alone.
• During the Renaissance (1500–1700 c.e.), there was a growing belief that diseases were caused by environmental, not spiritual factors. It was also a time when observations of the sick provided more accurate descriptions of the symptoms and outcomes of diseases. Yet epidemics were still rampant.
• The eighteenth century was characterized by industrial growth, but workplaces were unsafe and living conditions in general were unhealthful.
• In 1796 Dr. Edward Jenner successfully demonstrated the process of vaccination for smallpox
• The first half of the nineteenth century saw few advances in community health practice. Poor living conditions and epidemics were still concerns, but better agricultural methods led to improved nutrition.
• The year 1850 marks the beginning of the modern era of public health in the United States.
• Lemuel Shattuck drew up a health report for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts that outlined the public health needs of the state.
• In 1854, Dr. John Snow, removed the handle of the Broad Street pump drinking well in London, England to abate the cholera epidemic.
• 1859 Louis Pasteur of France proposed the germ theory, and German scientist Robert Koch's work in the last quarter of the century showed that a particular microbe, and no other, causes a particular disease.
• The period from 1875 to 1900 has come to be known as the bacteriological era of public health.
• The years between 1900 and 1960 are known as the health resources development era. This period is marked by the growth of National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis (now the American Lung Association) was founded in 1904 and the American Cancer Society in 1913.
• The government's major involvement in social issues began with the Social Security Act of 1935.
• In 1946, Congress passed the National Hospital Survey and Construction Act (Hill-Burton Act) to improve the distribution and enhance the quality of hospitals.
• Medicare (payment of medical bills for the elderly and certain people with disabilities) and Medicaid (payment of medical bills for the poor)
• The final period of the twentieth century is the health promotion era (1974–1999). It was not through health care but through health promotion and disease prevention programs.
• 1980: Promoting Health/Preventing Disease: Objectives for the Nation. Progress toward the objectives has been assessed on a regular basis, and new goals and objectives created in volumes titled Healthy People 2000, and Healthy People 2010.
• The health field concept has divided the health field into four elements: human biology, environment, lifestyle and healthcare organization. These are referred to as the four principal determinants of health.
• Models of Health

  
• Geopolitical communities are defined or formed by both natural and man-made boundaries and include barangays, municipalities, cities, provinces, regions, and nations.
• phenomenological community and is a collection of people who form a group specifically to address a common need or concern. Examples include schools, colleges, and universities; churches, and mosques; and various groups or organizations.
• The goal of the Community Health Action (CHA) model is to depict community health promotion processes in a manner that can be implemented by community members to achieve their collectively and collaboratively determined actions and outcomes to sustain or improve the health and well-being of their community; the community as a whole, for the benefit of all
• Most effective in terms of development is COPAR (Community Organizing Participatory Action Research) and CBPR (Community-Based Participatory Research) model
• Community participation in primary health care is rooted in the Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978, which states, “People have the right and duty to participate individually and collectively in the planning and implementation of their health care”
• The World Health Organization describes community participation as “a process by which people are enabled to become actively and genuinely involved in defining the issues of concern to them
• The planning cycle involves: gathering and analyzing health data to identify problems, setting program goals and objectives to address the problems, designing programs and determining resources to achieve the objectives, and evaluating outcomes to determine if objectives were met.
• • Phases of the COPAR I. Pre-entry Phase. II. Entry Phase. III. Organization Building Phase. IV. Sustenance and Strengthening Phase. V. Phasing Out
• Human biology  those aspects of health, both physical and mental, which are developed within the human body as a consequence of the basic biology of human beings and the organic make-up of an individual.
• Environment  those matters related to health which are external to the human body and over which the individual has little or no control.
• Lifestyle  made up of the habits and usual practices of human beings which affect their health and over which they more or less have control.
• Health care organization  the arrangement and resources that are used in the provision of healthcare — often referred to as the healthcare system.
• assessing health related quality of life (HRQoL). Commonly assessed areas are: (a) physical function, (b) psychological well-being, (c) subjective symptoms, (d) social function and (e) cognitive function.
• Innovation can be defined as invention + adoption + diffusion. It often possess two key qualities: they are both usable and desirable.
• The challenge of innovation in healthcare (a) Budgets are limited (b) Demand is increasing (c) The front line is under increasing pressure (d) Public expectations are rising (e) Accepting failure as part of the innovation process