Organelles

• Cell Membrane

  Semipermeable boundary of a cell separating it from its physical surroundings. Controls what goes in and out of the cell. Maintains homeostasis.
• Nuclear Envelope


  Membrane surrounding the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
• Nucleolus


  A small, dense, spherical structure in a nucleus that is composed of RNA and produces rRNA.
• Mitochondria


  In eukaryotic cells, organelles that are the major site of ATP production. Contains partitions called cristae and some DNA.
• ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate


  The common source of chemical energy for cells
• Cellular Respiration


  Process of converting the chemical energy of food into a form usable by cells, typically ATP.
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

  Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached. Modifies proteins.
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

  Endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes attached. Modifies lipids, phospholipids, oil, steroids. Detoxifies drugs and alcohol.
• Golgi Apparatus

  Modifies and packages proteins. Made up of flattened sacs called cisternae.
• Lysosome


  Organelle filled with hydrolytic enzymes that break down substances in a cell.
• Cytoskeleton


  Network of filaments within a cell. Cell structure.
• Chloroplast


  Contains a green pigment called chlorophyll. Flattened sacs called thylakoid. Stacks of these sacs is called grana. Site of photosynthesis in a plant cell and contains some DNA.
• Nucleus


  Stores the cell's genetic material (DNA in form of chromatin) and regulates cell activity. Double membraned.
• Vacuole

  Large, permanent and central structure in plant cells. Smaller and multiple in animal cells which are filled with fluid. Stores pigments and nutrients and is involved in waste disposal.
• Plasmodesmata


  Intracellular connections in plant cells. Little gaps in between the cell walls of plant cells which allow plant cells to communicate with each other also allowing cytosol to pass through.
• Cell Wall

  Made up of cellulose and a middle lamella. Its function is to provide a fixed shape for plant cells and prevents water uptake/cell burst.
• Centrioles


  Made up of microtubules, part of cytoskeleton, is the spindle formation for mitosis and meiosis.
• Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome, while eukaryotic cells have a multiple linear chromosome
• Cell Theory

  • Cells are the basic unit of life
  • All living things are made up of cells
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells
• Characteristics of Living Things

  M - Movement

  R - Respiration

  S - Sensitivity

  G - Growth

  R - Reproduction

  E - Excretion

  N - Nutrition
• Cytosol


  Jelly-like substance inside cells