Biostatistics

• Statistic is a measured or counted fact, while statistics, also called data, are stated in more than one figure and collected from experiments, records, and surveys
• Statistics involves the collection of data, tabulation, analysis, and interpretation of quantitative information, making it a branch of science used in dealing numerically by counts or measurements
• Biostatistics is the application of statistical techniques to scientific research in health-related fields, including medicine, biology, and public health, and the development of new tools to study these areas
• Biostatistics is also known as biometry, which means Biological Measurement or Measurement of Life
• Statistics is used in various fields such as medical, agricultural, economical, mathematical, and biostatistics
• Biostatistics is used in health statistics, medical statistics, and vital statistics, studying defects, injuries, diseases, drug efficacy, serum, line of treatment, births, marriages, and deaths
• Descriptive statistics involve organizing summaries of collected data for orderly presentation and conclusion, including tabulation, graphical presentation, and measures of central tendency, dispersion, and location
• Inferential statistics draw conclusions about a target population based on results from a sample population, involving methods to make generalizations or conclusions
• Two types of data collected are primary data, collected by a particular person or organization, and secondary data, collected by someone else but can be used by the investigator
• Quantitative data is data with a natural numeric scale, subdivided into interval and ratio data, while qualitative data measures characteristics without a natural numeric scale, subdivided into nominal and ordinal data
• Variable is a characteristic that varies from one biological entity to another, with various measurements like ratio scale, interval scale, and ordinal scale
• Ratio scale has a constant size interval and true zero point, including measurements like weights, volumes, capacities, rates, and lengths of time
• Interval scale has a constant interval size but not a zero, like the common temperature scales Celsius and Fahrenheit
• Ordinal scale classifies variables by quality rather than quantity
• Two main branches of statistics are descriptive statistics and inferential statistics

  
• Data types are classified into qualitative and quantitative, with qualitative data further divided into nominal and ordinal data, and quantitative data further divided into discrete and continuous data

  
• Discrete data can only take on certain values, like the number of people in a room, while continuous data can take on any value within a certain range, like the temperature outside
• Statistical methods involve the collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data
• Steps in statistical methods:

  • Collection of Data: careful planning is essential before collecting data
  • Presentation of Data: data should be presented in a suitable form for further analysis
  • Analysis of Data: includes measures of central tendencies, dispersion, correlation, and regression
  • Interpretation of Data: drawing conclusions from the collected data
• Measures of central tendency:

  • Mean: average
  • Median: positional average (middle value)
  • Mode: most repeated value
• Measures of variability or measures of dispersion include range, standard deviation, mean deviation, quartile deviation, variance, and coefficient of variation
• Correlation describes the degree of relationship between two variables and can be positive, negative, perfectly positive, perfectly negative, zero, or linear
• Biometry means Biological Measurement or Measurement of Life
• Health Statistics is used in Public Health or Community Health
• Medical Statistics is used in medicine when we study defect, injury, disease, efficacy of drug, serum, line of treatment etc.
• Vital statistics is used in population related study, studies the vital events like births, marriages and deaths
• Who said that a statistical method means "the collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data"?

  Croxton & Gowden
• What is the 4 statistical methods?

  Collection, presentation, analysis, interpretation
• what are the 3 measures of central tendency?

  Mean, Median, Mode
• Non-modal means no repeated value
• Trimodal/Quarter modal is called if the data have many modes
• Range is the difference between the highest and lowest values
• Standard deviation measures of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean
• mean deviation is the difference between an observed value of a variable and its mean
• Quartile deviation is the difference in the distribution between the first and third quartiles
• variance is the spread between numbers in the seet
• coefficient of variation is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean
• correlation describes the degree of relationship between two variables
• Simple correlation is a correlation between two variables only
• Give 6 types of correlation?

  Positive, Negative, Perfect positive, perfect negative, zero, linear