Macromolecules 2

• Condensation (Dehydration Synthesis) creates polymers by removing water and rebonding the monomers together
• In carbohydrates, when two monosaccharides covalently bond together, the link is called a glycosidic linkage
• In lipids, when a condensation reaction bonds a glycerol and fatty acid chain together, the link is called an ester linkage
• In proteins, protein monomers are amino acids held together by peptide bonds
• In nucleic acids, when there is a nucleotide condensation, the bond formed between them is called a phosphodiester bond
• Carbohydrates have monosaccharides as their monomers
• Lipids have no official monomer
• Nucleic acids have nucleotides as their monomers
• Water is added in a reaction during hydrolysis to break the bond between two monomers
• Saturated fats have no double bonds between carbon atoms
• Positive tests guarantee a result, while negative tests indicate that the result won't show up
• For glucose, the colour changes in a positive test:

  • Very Low concentration: green
  • Low: yellow
  • Moderate: yellow-orange
  • High: orange
  • Very High: Red
• A lipid test would show an oily ring or spot if positive, and no marks if negative
• Glucose and benedict solution need to be heated in a hot water bath for 5 minutes to produce accurate results
• Water was used in the lab for the negative test because it is a neutral substance containing no organic compounds
• Lab equipment used in the lab and their functions:

  • Test tube: hold substances and mix
  • Beaker: hold larger amounts of liquids/substances
  • Graduated cylinder: measure the amount of liquids needed
• Safety precautions for the chemicals used include wearing goggles and a lab coat to prevent stains and eye injuries
• Results can be used to show which macromolecules were found in each of the unknown substances tested
• glucose

  
• fructose

  
• galactose