population

• physical factors: climate, landforms, soils, vegetations, water, natural resources, pest and diseases
• climate

  latitude: less than 10% of the wprls population live in the southern hemisphere while the other 78% northern hemisphere between 20 degrees north nd 60 degrees north.

  high population density

  --> temperqate climates with adequate evenly distributed rainfall

  --> lengthy growing seasons

  --> monsoon climate

  low population density

  --> extreme climate

  --> dry desert area (sahara desert)

  --> extreme cold weather (northern canada)

  --> very wet and humid weather (amazon basin, low lands of new guinea)
• landforms

  --> high population density areas are usually found in

  --> lowland areas with broad flatplains (bangladesh)

  --> fertile river valley (mekong river vietnam)

  --> volcanic areas in indonesia and philipines

  -->low population density areas are usually found in

  --> steep highlands

  --> areas with poor soil conditions

  --> high plateau
• soils

  --> areas with high population density are usually found in areas with rich, fertile soil because such areas support agriculture, and ensure reliable food supply.

  --> areas with rich humus filled soil

  --> areas with rich silt deposit

  --> deltas (nile delta)

  --> areas with low population density tend to be areas where soil is

  --> frozen (siberia)

  --> leached and therefore low in minerals and nutrients

  --> thin and poorly developed

  --> heavily degraded or eroded
• vegetation

  areas with high population density

  --> extensive grassland

  areas with low population density

  --> dense rainforest or coniferous forest (amazon)

  --> sparse vegetation due to oridity (mongolia)
• water

  areas with high population density tend to be areas with

  --> reliable water supply

  --> evenly distributed rainfall (western europe)

  --> seasonal monsoon rainfall (india)

  areas with sparse population

  --> low and unreliable rainfall (sahara)
• natural resources

  --> areas rich in natural resources such as minerals or energy tends to be densely populated

  --> availability of certain mineral deposits and fossil fuels may attract a large population despite harshe climate conditions (riyadh saudi arabia)

  --> but countries that are poor in natural resources, but are able to import them from other places also supports high population densities (singapore)

  --> some places rich in natural resources may not be densely populated if these resources are inaccessible or if these resources have not been developed (eritea)
• pest and diseases

  --> people avoid settling in areas where there are dangerous pests and diseases such as malaria (lowlands of papa new guinea)
• human factors: technology, economic activities, accessibility and political factor
• technology

  --> helps overcome constraints of physical environment

  eg. the ability to pipeline transfer water from colorado river to the arid southwest region of usa have increased population numbers in that region
• Countries/regions that can support economic development tend to have higher population densities
• In agriculture areas, high population densities are found where there is a reliable supply of food, like areas suitable for crop cultivation or livestock rearing
• Low population densities are typically in areas where climate, soils, and terrains cannot support agriculture
• In countries with well-established manufacturing industries, higher population densities are common
• accessibility

  --> places where transport and communication infrastructure (ports, canal, roads, railway, airports) an be easily constructed tend to have higher population density

  --> areas with rough terrains or dense vegetation makes it challenging to construct infrastructure, resulting in low population densities
• political factors

  --> an area becomes more densely populated if government implement policies to develop the area

  --> eg. opening new mining areas to attracts settlements in far east, russia

  --> some government are keen to attract migrants into the country

  --> singapore to counter ageing population

  --> on the other hand, areas can also suffer from depletion in areas of political conflict (somalia, sudan)

  --> other prefer to control the migrant numbers (usa for security concerns)
• core and periphery model

  
• push factors: negative features that causes a person to move away from a place

  pull factors: attractions (real or imagined) that exist at another place
• rural urban migration

  urban pull factor

  --> employment: foreign direct investment by TNC is cities of emerging economies provide a range of work opportunities

  --> more TNC, larger job oppotunities

  --> higher wage and possible advancements in roles that are not existent in rural areas

  --> a threshold population in the urban area leads to the provision fo a alot of social services

  --> bright light syndrome: deemed as a place to rural urban migrants where it is a better place than farmlands
• rural push factors

  --> overpopulation

  --> unemployment due to mechanisation which reduced the need for rural labour therefore they want to go urban (heard from friends, families)

  --> mismatch of skills

  --> you might not have sufficient skills to work in secondary or tertiary sector

  --> informal sector, 40% minimum wage. they give you minimum wage because you are disposable so you are unemployed or underemployed

  --> land fragmentation

  --> relocation of subsistence farmers because the land is sold to TNCs for production of cash crops
• megacities: 10 million people, they grow from rural urban migration, economic growth and high rates of natural increase