SCI 10

• Biomolecules are chemical compounds found in living organisms, mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
• Monomer refers to the "building block" of biomolecules
• Carbohydrates provide glucose, which is converted to energy used to support bodily functions and physical activity
• Carbohydrates are classified as:

  • Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose
  • Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, maltose
  • Polysaccharides (polymers): starch, glycogen, cellulose
• Starch is stored in plants, glycogen in animals and fungi, and cellulose is found in plant cell walls
• Lipids serve as a source and storage of energy, a structural component of cell membranes, and an insulator
• Lipids are classified as:

  • Steroids: cholesterol
  • Triglycerides
  • Cephalin
  • Waxes
  • Phospholipids
• Proteins are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs
• Proteins are classified as fibrous (insoluble) and globular proteins
• Proteins are made up of amino acids, which consist of an amino group, carboxyl group, side chain, and hydrogen atom
• Nucleic acids store genetic information and are made of long chains of nucleotides
• Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms to form one or more new substances
• Evidences that a chemical reaction took place include changes in color, temperature, gas evolution, sound production, and light emission
• Types of chemical reactions:

  • Synthesis/Combination
  • Decomposition
  • Single replacement
  • Double replacement
  • Combustion
• Balancing chemical equations involves ensuring the Law of Conservation of Mass is followed
• Factors affecting reaction rate include the nature of the reaction, physical state/surface area, reactant concentration, temperature, catalysts, and inhibitors