MICRO-ORGANISMS

• Five Kingdoms

  Animalia

  Plantae

  Fungi

  Monera/Bacteria

  Protista
• Why are viruses non living

  Make crystals and survive in form

  Don't respire

  Don't produce outside hosts body (parasitic)
• Why are viruses living

  Can produce in cells of living organisms
• Characteristics of viruses

  Very small

  Core of DNA OR RNA surrounded by protein coat (capsid)

  non-cellular or acellular: no nucleus,mitondria,ribosome

  +- 4 different shapes
• 4 well knows viruses

  Measles

  Polio

  Chicken pox

  Cold
• RABIES

  affects domestic and wild

  passed through saliva

  human infected when bitten by rabid animal

  incubation up to 60 days
• RABIES- symptoms

  headache/fever

  nausea

  sore throat

  fatigue

  seizures

  salivate

  hydrophobia

  death

  difficulty in swallowing/breathing
• RABIES- Treatment and Management 


  fatal with no treatment

  should start before symptoms - antiviral dugs and blood transfusions
• RABIES- Prevention

  vaccination in areas found

  immunization of people with high risk jobs
• BACTERIA

  smallest known living organisms

  found in water,oil,soil

  optimum temp between 30 and 37

  can survive extreme temperatures

  some aerobic, some not

  asexual reproduction-binary fission
• BACTERIA- Characterisitcs

  Unicellular

  DNA in irregular loop in nucleod

  prokaryotic

  plasmid in cytoplasm- double stranded DNA molecule, small,circular)

  some have flagellum

  some have capsule to prevent drying out

  4 shapes:

  Cacus: circle

  Bacillus: oval

  Spirillium: spiral

  Vibrid: comma
• CHOLERA- Effect and Management

  in rural areas with lack of sanitation- unsafe drinking water

  Bacterium- *Vibrio Cholera
• CHOLERA- Symptoms

  Water diarrhoea>dehydration

  Vomiting
• CHOLERA- Treatment

  rehydration

  antibiotics ( syrup,tablet,injection)- kills bacteria
• CHOLERA- Management

  access to clean water/ water purification tablets

  proper sanitation and disposal of sewage

  education on hygiene

  boil water

  clean what cholera patients touch
• DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BACTERIA AND VIRUSES

  B is larger and V is smaller

  B has cell wall made of polysaccharides and V has protein coat

  B has ribosome and V doesn't

  B is unicelluar and V is acellular

  B is living and V is between

  B has DNA AND RNA and V and DNA OR RNA

  B can self reproduce and V needs host cell
• PROTISTA

  great variety in

  shape/size

  appearance

  habitats

  methods of nutrition

  reproduction
• PROTISTA- Characteristics

  unicellular or multicellular

  eukaryotic

  no tissue differentiation

  mainly in water

  auto trophies of heterotrophic

  microscopic and meters long

  session or free floating

  flagellum ( Euglena)

  pseudopodia (Amoeba)

  reproduce sexually and asexually ( binary fission )
• PROTISTA- Plant like

  unicellular

  aquatic environments

  auto autotrophic

  free floating- phytoplankton
• PROTISTA- Animal like

  heterotrophic

  unicellular/free living

  aquatic environments

  parasitic

  free floating- zoo plankton
• ALGAE

  multicellular

  macroscopic

  seaweeds- photosynthetic pigments

  free floating or sessile
• MALRIA

  in tropical or subtropical areas

  protozon-*Plasmodium Vivax

  spread by female *Anopheles (vector)
• MALARIA- Symptoms

  Flu-like, Convulsions, Anaemia
• MALARIA- How to avoid

  stay indoors between sunset and sunrise

  sleep under mosquito nets

  insect repellant to exposed skin

  drain places with standing water
• MALARIA- Treatment

  anti-malarial drugs before and after
• FUNGI- Characteristics

  unicellular

  multicellular

  eukaryotic

  heterotrophic: saprotrophic,parasitic

  cell walls made of chitin

  bodies of multicellular-threads of hyphae
• FUNGI- Hyphae

  many form mycelium

  often multinucleate

  reproduce sexual and asexually (unicellular-budding,multicellular-spores)
• ATHLETES FOOT

  fungal infection between toes and on foot arches

  fungus-*Tineapedis

  feeds on keratin

  makes flaky/cracked skin
• ATHLETES FOOT- Treatment and Management

  Keep areas dry

  Apply fungal ointments or powders
• ATHLETES FOOT- Prevention

  Wear open shoes when hot

  When clean, cotton socks

  Wash feet and dry well between toes

  Wear slip slops in public showers
• ROLE IN COMMUNITY- Autotrophic

  Produces-Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis

  Use Co2 (decrease greenhouse gases) and releases O2 (cellular respiration)
• ROLE IN COMMUNITY- DECOMPOSERS

  break down organic material in dead organism into water,Co2,ammonia,heat
• ROLE IN COMMUNITY-Bacteria in Nitrogen Cycle

  NFB converts N-gas into nitrates

  Penitrifying bacteria return N-gas to atmosphere

  plants:

  live in nodules of legume roots

  produces nitrates for plant

  while plant provides bacteria with place to live, carbohydrates and water

  mutualistic
• SYMBIOTIC RELATIONS

  mutualism :) :)

  parasitism:) :(

  commensalism :) :|
• E COLI

  *Escherichia Coli lives on undigested remains of fokd in gut

  Makes Vitamin K that helps with blood clotting

  mutualism
• REPSONSE OF HUMANS

  Natural: present at birth

  Acquired: after exposure to pathogens
• WAYS TO PREVENT- FIRST TIME

  multi-layered skin

  anti-septic tears

  mucus lined at passages to trap pathogens

  enzymes in saliva

  ear wax (cerumen)

  hydrochloric acid and enzymes in stomach
• RESPONSE- SECOND LINE

  PRIMARY

  tries to destroy pathogen and prevent spreading- inflammation of local areas and spreading
• RESPONSE-SECOND LINE

  SECONDARY

  activates immune system:

  > destroys invading pathogens

  >holds memory to reduce re-infection

  has two groups of wbc:

  lymphocytes and phagocytes
• LYMPHOCYTES


  found in tonsils,lymph glands,spleen,blood