C+I - gender identity

• Gilmore identified 3 main features of masculinity: protector, provider, and impregnator
• Oakley's view on family: primary socialization teaches children gender roles through manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellations, and differential activity
• Wood observed that fathers have higher expectations for gender roles than mothers, using physical punishment more on sons than daughters
• Parsons' theory: females have an expressive role in the family, while males have an instrumental role as breadwinners and protectors, which links to Gilmore's features of masculinity
• Functionalists argue that the expressive and instrumental roles of men and women benefit the nuclear family and society by promoting social cohesion and control
• Teachers influence the development of gender roles in children, with gender stereotypes leading to different expectations and sanctions for boys and girls
• The hidden curriculum in education reinforces gender roles through uniform rules and the distribution of roles between males and females in positions of authority
• Mac an Ghail highlighted that boys value the 3F's - fighting, football, and sex - socialized through peer groups, encouraging hyper-masculinity
• Johnson noted that gender identity is reinforced through TV advertising, with ads aimed at boys emphasizing action, competition, and control, while ads aimed at girls focus on attractiveness and nurturing
• Kilbourne pointed out the objectification of women's bodies in media, sending a patriarchal message that women need constant improvement and validation from men
• Wilkinson discussed the 'genderquake' and 'feminization of the workplace', leading to increased female participation in the workforce and a shift towards defining identity by career rather than domestic roles
• Blackman highlighted a new wave of empowered girls challenging traditional femininity, known as 'ladettes', engaging in traditionally male behaviors
• Mac an Ghail described a crisis of masculinity leading to social problems like increased suicide rates, mental health conditions, and crime, as men struggle to assert their identity
• Some men attempt to redefine masculinity through grooming, amplifying domestic roles, and sharing childcare and domestic work, reflecting a new man in touch with his 'feminine side' as proposed by Connel