Cells and metabolism

• ATP is essential for powering many cellular processes such as transport, cell division and muscle contraction.
• Cellular respiration involves breaking down glucose into carbon dioxide and water through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and oxidative phosphorylation.
• Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy that can be used by cells.
• The Krebs Cycle takes place in the mitochondria matrix and requires oxygen to produce ATP.
• Oxygen is required for aerobic respiration to take place.
• Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP than aerobic respiration.
• Cellular respiration also produces carbon dioxide and water as waste products.
• The three basic types of transport are simple diffusion, carrier mediated/facilitated and vesicular transport
• cells are the basic building blocks of all living things and are the basic units of life
• What are cells?

  Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms
• Carrier-mediated/Facilitated diffusion involves molecules binding with specific proteins called carriers on the cell membrane.
• the cell membrane controls what enters or leaves the cell
• Vesicular transport involves substances being packaged into small sacs (vesicles) which then fuse with other cells or organelles.
• Cells are made up of cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, cytosol, cytoskeleton and inclusions
• Active Transport requires energy and moves against the concentration gradient
• Simple Diffusion - The passive movement of small nonpolar molecules across the plasma membrane without the use of energy.
• Vesicular transport occurs when large polar molecules cannot diffuse across the plasma membrane due to their size and polarity.
• Active Transport requires energy (ATP) to move against concentration gradient
• The cell membrane is selectively permeable to different types of molecule
• The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
• Cell organelles includes:

  nucleolus, nucleus, Golgi body, rough ER, smooth ER, vacuoles, centrioles, mitochondria, lysosomes, cytosol, vesicles and cytoskeleton
• The role of the cell membrane is to:

  1. create physical barrier between the external and the internal environment
• Nucleus – contains genetic material (DNA)
• The cell membrane are structured with:

  -Phospholipid bi-layers

  -Proteins
• Types of proteins are:

  Receptor, channel, cell identity markers and glycoproteins
• Phospholipid bilayer - hydrophilic heads on outside, hydrophobic tails inside
• Passive transport is the movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
• Active transport is the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against a concentration gradient
• Types of substances that are transported in simple diffusion are gases, ions, and small molecules
• Osmosis: a passive process by which water passes through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.
• osmotic pressure measures the tendency of solution to taken water by osmosis
• facilitated diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration using carrier proteins
• substances in facilitated diffusion includes amino acids, glucose, and ions
• Active transport requires energy to transport substances from low to high concentration using carrier/channel proteins
• substances that are transported by active transport includes glucose, amino acids, and ions
• Vesicular transport is the movement of substances across the membrane in vesicles
• exocytosis is the release of substance outside the cell through fusion with plasma membrane
• endocytosis is the uptake of material into the cell
• phagocytosis is the engulfment of large particles such as bacteria or dead cells
• pinocytosis is the ingestion of small amounts of fluid containing dissolved materials