Techniques

• Tone - How is the author putting out the message e.g. authors language
• Atmosphere - Physical environment that is imagined by the reader due to the authorial choices
• Mood - How the audience / reader feels
• Diction - authors use of words to depict meaning
• Modality - The way in which the author / character is saying something, or how forceful someone is being in their speaking / writing.
• High Modality - must
• Low Modality - Should / could
• Imperative Language - A command
• Inclusive Language - first person
• exclusive language - third person
• First person - inclusive, brings the reader close to the situation
• second person - direct address, singles out the reader and can create an accusatory tone
• Third Person - Exclusive, keeps the reader at arms length from the situation
• Gerund - any word that ends with ing, creates an immediate tone
• Voice changes - transitions from first person to third person or vice versa. Creates us vs them attitude
• Allusion - reference to something that is outside of the text, such as another work or cultural idea
• Metaphor - direct comparison of something
• Simile - indirect comparison of something
• When analysing allusion - explain the meaning behind the reference and then explain the effect
• Pathetic fallacy - the embodiment of human emotion in the natural world, e.g. the sky wept over London
• Personification - Giving human attributes to a man-made object
• Imagery - used to enhance the readers experience
• Hyperbole - exaggeration used to emphasise an idea
• Types of Imagery - Gustatory, olfactory, kinesthetic (tactile), auditory, concrete and visual
• Motif - a repeated idea that is present over the whole text
• Symbolism - an idea / metaphor that is present in only one part or section of the text
• Anaphora - repeating the start of sentences
• Alliteration - Every letter at the start of the word is repeated
• Assonance - vowel sounds repeated
• Consonance - occurs when we repeat consonants
• Onamatpia - immitating real sounds