Rws

• Reading is an interaction between the text and the reader, involving effective reading strategies
• Reading is a cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning from a text
• Three reading strategies:

  • Previewing: looking at the readily visible parts of the text like titles,subtitles etc.
  • Skimming: getting an overview of the text's content quickly or looking for mainpoin
  • Scanning: searching for specific information in the text
• Skimming involves getting the gist of the text's content quickly
• Skimming is an effective way to quickly get the main points of the text
• Steps to organize information through a brainstorming list:

  1. Think of a general topic

  2. Brainstorm ideas based on the topic and make a list

  3. Look at the list and see which ideas are related, using lines, arrows, asterisks, or other symbols to illustrate connections
• A thesis statement can be used to create a brainstorming list by listing any word, phrase, or statement related to the topic without restricting to the sequence of ideas
• Graphic organizers visually organize information to see how ideas relate to one another
• A mind map is used to represent knowledge of a concept or idea, starting with a central idea and adding branches of major ideas related to it
• A Venn diagram shows similarities and differences between two or more objects, people, or ideas using overlapping circles
• A flowchart displays the different steps in a process in the order they must be completed
• A hierarchical topical organizer shows the order of ideas and their place in a hierarchy
• An outline organizes information sequentially, grouping materials by similar concepts or content and putting them into logical order
• There are two general types of outlines: topic outline and sentence outline
• A topic outline lists main points and supporting ideas using keywords or key phrases, divided into headings and subheadings
• Steps in writing a topic outline:

  1. Identify the topic, thesis statement, and purpose for writing

  2. Figure out the main points

  3. Arrange the main points in a logical order

  4. Identify and write down supporting ideas for each main point
• A sentence outline is a hierarchical outline composed of sentences, typically used to plan books, stories, and essays
• Steps in writing a sentence outline:

  1. Write the thesis statement

  2. Create a list of main points to support the thesis

  3. Write a list of supporting ideas for each main point
• Guidelines for outlining:

  • Parallelism: each heading and subheading should follow a single structure
  • Coordination: thoughts in major headings and subheadings are of equal significance
  • Subordination: major points should be more general than the supporting details
  • Division: each heading should have two or more subheadings or none at all
• Pre-writing is the first stage of the writing process, involving techniques that help discover ideas before writing the first draft of a paper
• In pre-writing, you find out things that interest you about the topic and what you want to know about it, which can be time-saving
• Determining the writing situation involves understanding what you are being asked to do, such as analyzing a text, comparing your ideas with the author’s, summarizing a selection, or proposing a solution to an issue
• Knowing the kind of paper includes considering the context, purpose, and audience of your writing task
• Determining your purpose in writing helps you consider the form, content, length, organization, support, and tone of your writing
• To write effectively, always assume you are writing to be read, tailoring your writing to the expectations, backgrounds, and knowledge of your target audience
• Considering your audience in writing involves recognizing who your readers are and anticipating their expectations, backgrounds, and knowledge of the topic
• Thinking about your topic involves limiting it to a specific issue to ensure focus in your essay
• Considering the tone in writing refers to the attitudes and feelings you want your writing to reflect toward your purpose, topic, audience, and yourself, manifested in your point-of-view, sentence structure, and chosen words
• A thesis statement is the central idea of an essay, around which all other ideas revolve, revealing and summarizing the argument to be developed and defended
• The thesis statement is not a subject or topic itself but an interpretation of the topic
• Formulating a thesis statement involves pre-writing, thinking about ideas, seeking evidence, and looking for relationships between them
• To create an effective thesis statement, it should express the main idea in one to two sentences, focus on a specific issue, state a stand on the topic, and say something meaningful by answering questions like "So what?", "How?", "Why?"
• An effective thesis statement should avoid making overly-opinionated stands, announcements, and stating only facts
• A working thesis statement is the initial thesis statement that may need adjustments based on research and writing progress
• Creating a thesis statement involves looking at the general subject of the paper and narrowing it down to something specific