Lindsey= genetic- biological theories

• what is genetic theory:

  inherited traits are the most important factors that cause crimes
• twin and adoption study- limitations 


  -can the environment be accurately measured?- M2 twins may be treated more similarly than D2 - concordance rates not particularly high? - studied of ten over estimate the probility than 2 people share similar genes - adoption studies and ethical issues
• twin and adoption studies- evidence:

  Cambridge study of delinqunet development= longitudinal study since 1961, looked at 397 families, criminal convictions found in 23 - christiansen- studied 3,586 twins 52% M2, 22% D2 both had criminal convictions - hutchings and mednick- studied 14,427 adopted children, found that likely to have criminal record if birth parent had one. - crowe
• Jacobs XYY study:

  -sometimes variation of chromosomes occur, jacobs syndrome appears to be the most commonly related to criminal behaviour. - 20 x times higher among immates in a scottish prison than in general population 1967-72, increased aggression, slower learning speed, higher than average height
• arthure shawcross:

  born 6th june 1945, began shoplifting, stealing (10), hit a child, burgled, murdered 11 women, tortured animals. - huge factor aggression (XYY)- failed 8th grade so 2 years behind, slower learning speed - childhood- family relations decline, father would abused him, mother ignored him, felt family didn't like him
• James fallon + MAOA gene: 


  more recent genetic studies have looked at individuals focus on genes - James Fallon= isolated gene (monoamine oxidase A) MAOA genesis linked to criminal tendencies. MAOA= low impluse control, low seritonin. high risk gene and bad childhood means higher chance of becoming a criminal.
• genetic theories and crime control policies:

  biological theories argue that crime is caused by physical igentic abnormality, which often leads to curling crime control Genome editing research= could have unpredictable effects on future generation, types of genetic enginnering which DNA is inserted, deleted, modified or replaced