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• Characteristics of a hypothesis:

  • Falsifiable: capable of being disproved
  • Predictable: able to predict relationships among variables
  • Simple and specific: to prevent misleading ideas
  • Based on existing knowledge: investigate topics yet to be explored
  • Capable of being operationally defined: must be testable
  • Reflective of the research problem: clearly express study's argument, objectives, and variables
• How to formulate a good research hypothesis:

  1. State the research problem explicitly

  2. Highlight the main arguments of the research study in the hypothesis

  3. Define the variables to be studied
• Types of research hypothesis:

  • Null (Ho or H0): No relationship or difference between variables
  • Alternative (Ha or H1): There is a relationship or difference between variables
  • Alternative hypothesis can be directional or nondirectional
• Types of error in hypothesis testing:

  • Type I Error: Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
  • Type II Error: Not rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false
• Scope, Limitation, and Delimitation in research:

  • Scope: general extent of the content covered by the study
  • Limitation: potential weaknesses not within the researcher's control
  • Delimitation: specific characteristics that limit the study's scope
• Significance of the study:

  • Lists stakeholders and beneficiaries of the study
  • Stakeholders are individuals, groups, or organizations affected by the study's outcomes
  • Beneficiaries are those positively impacted by the study
• Benefits and Beneficiaries -are the positive effects of the output of your study and _ are the recipients of the benefits of your study.

  • are those individuals who are positively impacted by the study.

  e.g Research Topic

  Awareness on Effects of Mobile Phone Radiation on Health

  Beneficiaries

  Mobile Phone Users, Parents, Community
• Stakeholders - are individuals, people, groups, and organizations who are affected by the outcomes of your study.

  They can either receive positive effects (benefits) or negative effects from the output of your study

  • are groups, organizations, or individuals that are either positively or negatively affected by the output of the study

  
  

  Research participants are not necessarily considered as this themselves, but they can be a part of this in your study.
• Significance of the study - an essential section of your Introduction that lists down the different stakeholders and beneficiaries of the study and how they benefit from it.
• Access to literature - Some relevant and related literature are  difficult to access. 
• Financial resources - Be practical and realistic.
• Data collection and research instruments - The interpretation of your study will be  limited to the research instrument used.
• Timeframe - Your study has a limited timeframe of completion.
• Design of your study - Data collection and research instruments
• Profile of your sample - Choose only the profile/s relevant to your study.
• Sample size - Limit the sample size of the study.
• Delimitation - Specific characteristics that limit the scope of the study.are set by the researchers themselves.
• Limitation are potential weaknesses in a study that are not within your control as a researcher.

  -Limitations are sometimes found in the research design of the study.

  • refers to the uncontrollable and sometimes unforeseeable factors that can affect the outcome of your study.
• Scope - is the general extent of the content that will be covered by your study.

  • refers to the general limitations of your study
• Nondirectional Hypothesis - The variables being examined differ but have no determined direction.

   
• Directional Hypothesis - The variables being examined differ in a particular direction.
• Directional Hypothesis - The variables being examined differ in a particular direction.
• Ha or H1 - There is a relationship or difference between variables.
• Ho or H0 - There is no relationship or no difference between variables.

   

  e.g There is no relationship between customer satisfaction and quality of product.

   
• Define the variables to be studied - It is important to set the boundaries of the variables being studied, most especially in an empirical study.   

   

   
• if-then statement This format explicitly states an assumption and a probable result of the research problem.
• State the research problem explicitly - The main arguments of the research study must be highlighted in the hypothesis.
• A hypothesis should be reflective of the research problem - The argument, objectives, and variables of the study should be clearly expressed in the hypothesis.
• A hypothesis should be capable of being operationally defined. -  The research study must be testable. It will not be considered as empirical without being tested.
• A hypothesis should be based on an existing body of knowledge - The research should investigate topics that are yet to be explored in order to address research gaps.

   
• A hypothesis should be simple and specific. - This is to prevent the readers from being misled and to keep them from thinking of ideas that are not relevant to the study
• hypothesis should be predictable - A hypothesis must be able to predict relationships among two or more variables
•  hypothesis should be falsifiable -The research hypothesis must be capable of being disproved.

   
• Research Hypothesis - research hypothesis is a tentative proposition about the relationship between two or more variables.

  Always take into consideration the research design of your study before formulating the hypothesis