Cell Structure and Functions

• Mitochondria - Organelles responsible for producing energy through cellular respiration.
• The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope, which has pores to allow molecules to pass through.
• Chloroplasts - Organelles found only in plant cells that contain chlorophyll and are involved in photosynthesis.
• The cell membrane is composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates.
• The nucleus contains the cell's DNA and is involved in gene expression and cell division.
• Mitochondria produces energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
• Phospholipids are amphiphilic molecules with hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads that form the bilayer structure of the cell membrane.
• Ribosomes - Small structures that synthesize proteins using instructions from DNA.
• Nucleolus - A small structure within the nucleus that synthesizes ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assembles it into ribosomes.
• Ribosomes - Small structures made up of RNA and protein that synthesize proteins.
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of interconnected membranes involved in protein transport, sorting, folding and modification.
• Lysosome - Membrane-bound organelle containing digestive enzymes used to break down waste materials within the cell.
• Chromatin - The material inside the nucleus made up of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones.
• Vacuole - A membranous sac found inside plant cells, which can contain water or other substances such as pigments or starch granules.
• Carbohydrates serve as energy sources and can be used for communication between cells.
• Nucleotides are building blocks of DNA and RNA, containing a sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uracil), and a phosphate group.
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs.
• The rough ER has attached ribosomes and is responsible for protein synthesis.
• Golgi apparatus - Modifies, packages, and transports proteins and lipids throughout the cell.
• Cytoskeleton - A network of protein fibers that provides structural support and helps maintain cell shape.
• The smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid metabolism, detoxification, and calcium storage.
• Mitochondria - The powerhouse of the cell where energy production occurs through aerobic respiration.
• Mitochondria - Organelles responsible for producing energy through aerobic respiration.
• Protein molecules are composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
• Cytoskeleton - Network of fibers made up of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments that provides structural support and helps with movement within the cell.
• DNA contains four types of bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
• Nucleotides consist of three components: nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate groups.
• Protein Synthesis:

  • Ribosomes are attached for protein synthesis and packaging
  • Functions include detoxification, synthesis, and transport of lipids
• Golgi apparatus:

  • Packages proteins and lipids for transport
  • Creates lysosomes
• Cell membrane structure:

  • Hydrophobic tail (nonpolar)
  • Hydrophilic head (polar)
  • Selectively permeable
• Lysosome:

  • Made by the Golgi apparatus
  • Destroys/recycles cell material using enzymes
• Mitochondria:

  • Generates ATP through cellular respiration
  • Mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited
• Phospholipid bilayer:

  • Makes up the plasma membrane
  • Selectively permeable