Ottoman Quiz 4

• Selim I's biggest achievement was good relations with Gujratis to get away from Portuguese <- MAIN reason
• Selim I's many other acheivements:

  defeated mamluk and Safavid empire

  more muslims than non-muslims

  hv control over makkah and medina

  made Ottoman Empire into the Muslim/Islamic Empire

  made it to Indian Ocean & became the hub of trade

  became Caliphs by capturing the remaining Abbasids caliphs 
• Clashes btwn his sons after Bayezid I died:

  -Suelyman killed Isa

  -Musa killed Suleyman (1410)

  -Musa killed in battle of Carmlu (1413)

  -Mustafa thot be 'fake'/illegitimate brother so not even considered

  -Mehmet appointed himself Sultan
• Years of Interrgenum = 1402-1413
• Prince Suleyman & Prince Mehmet were the main contenders for the throne
• During Mehmed I's reign:

  -His powerhouse: Amasya & Bursa (1403)

  -Had to deal w/ 2 rebellions both related to property communal ownership by Sheikh Bedreddin (in Bulgaria-1420) & his followers (Mustafa & Kemal)

  -Defeated Karamanids (1415)

  -Venice was a challenge for them during westward expansion -> Ottoman navy destroyed, after which they signed treaty in 1416

  -Died in 1421 by falling off horse
• Murad II recovered the most land of the Anatolian lost lands to Temur EXCEPT Karaman
• Murad II also getting land back in the Balkans:

  • 1430->Retake Salonika
  • 1432->Annex Albania
  • 1439->Annex Serbia
• 1444->Treaty of Idrine - 10-yr long treaty signed btwn Ottomans & Serbs, Hungary & Poland
• Suleyman...

  • had control over Rumelia
  • tries to take over Mehmet's ruling area (Anatolia)
  • 1403->Treaty of Gallipoli (w/ Balkans)
• Why did Murad II coem back into power (after he abdicated so his son to come into power)?


  Due to the Crusade of Varna & Battle of Varna
• Janissary rebellion - was after the Battle of Varna (1444)
• 1448->Wallachian & Hungary armies DEFEATED
• 1451->Murad II dies & Mehmet II takes power
• 1452->Siege of Constantinople
• 1453->Constantinople fell & 1st thing Mehmet said was: 'NO looting' - coz vry expensive architecture
• After siege, Mehmet starts focusing building the city & turns Constantinople into Ottoman capital. Building the city, how?

  • mosques
  • haga sofia from church to mosque
  • 1st palace -> Old Palace (1457-58)
  • Topkapi palace (1459)
  • Grand bazaar (1461)
  • Fatih Mosque over the ruins of church 1470
  • also INVITED Muslim theologians & scholars to Istanbul
• Imtiyzaat/Capitulations

  Foreign ppl were given special permission to do trade with the Ottoman capital
• Why is Ansar Al-Ayubi IMP & why mosques built to honor him?

  Coz he was companion of the prophet (saw) and was there in the first conquest on Constantinople the 7th century and they found his grave there and so honored him by building a mosque in his honor. 
• Succesion rule - Strongest son of Sultan NOT strongest male of the family becomes Sultan
• Besides, rebuilding Constantinopl, he repopulated as well. HOW?

  Using incentive of tax free homes hence inviting Christians, Jews & Muslims from Anatolia & Balkans
• Urban made the alrgest cannon fro the ottomans & it was used to penetrate stone walls
• Hunaydi (Hungarian leader):

  • led Crusade of Varna (1443/1444)
  • part of siege of Belgrade (1456), Ottomans lost & this stopped Ottomans form tryign to take central Europe for a few decades
• Kanunname - laws in several fields that were incorporated with Shariah law so there wouldn't be any clashes btwn them
• What did introducing imperial culture do?

  • Regulating mint activity
  • Regulating succession
  • Land tenure
  • Crime
• Imperial culture also introduced court rituals & ettiquetes:

  • pilgrimage to Eyup (oldest castle)
  • internal marriages
  • succession rule
  • sultanic seclusion to Topkapi (Sultans HAD to live here)
• Millet system? Why it was IMP in ottoman relations w/Europe?


  A way for non-muslims to own land communally (as a grp).

  
  

  A Millet/'nation' were small self-governing populations led by its own religious leaders.

  
  

  IMP?

  • As it allowed Ottomans to get taxes/jizya from non-Muslims whilst the non-muslims got to practice their religion, teach it and govern their millet.
  • It also gave the non-muslims autonomy to trade internationally, often acting as intermediaries btwn Ottoman Empire & European countries.
  • Non-muslism flourished as merchants & artists due to the above reason