bio term 1

• the five kingdom classification system


  Monera, Protista, fungi, plantae, Animalia
• 7 traits of life

  movement

  respiration

  sensitivity

  growth

  reproduction

  excretion

  nutrition
• prokaryotes (no nucleus) 


  Organisms without a true nucleus ,DNA occurs freely in the cytoplasm, no organelles are membrane bound.
• Eukaryotes (true nucleus)

  has a true nucleus, DNA found in within the nucleus, all organelles membrane bound.
• Viruses are not classified as one of the 5 kingdoms and display non-living characteristics
• Viruses do not consist of cells and cannot move independently; they require a host to multiply
• Viruses are considered obligate internal parasites, meaning they need another living organism or host to multiply
• Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria
• Viruses can infect bacteria, protists, plants, and animals, causing diseases
• A virus without a host is dormant
• Viruses reproduce by converting the genetic material (DNA, RNA) of the host cell into viral nucleic acids to produce more viruses
• shapes of viruses

  polyhedral, Spherical, complex and helical
• Not all bacteria are harmful; they belong to the kingdom Monera and are prokaryotic
• Bacteria are unicellular and can occur as single cells, filaments, or colonies
• The cell structure of bacteria is simpler than other organisms:

  • No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
  • Control center and genetic information are contained in a single loop of DNA
  • DNA, known as chromatin, is located in the nucleoid
  • Surrounded by a cell wall consisting of polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids
  • In some cases, the cell wall (especially in disease-causing bacteria) is surrounded by a slime layer or capsule for protection
  • The plasma membrane is directly below the cell wall
• Some bacteria are able to move in liquid using a tail-like structure called flagella
• bacteria are distinguished from one another based on their shape.

  coccus - round

  bacillus - rod-shaped

  spirillum - spiral-shaped

  vibrio- comma-shaped
• function/characteristics of bacteria

  many different types,(saprotrophic, autotrophic and heterotrophic) saprotrophs, means generally feeds on dead organic matter (decomposers), they do this by producing enzymes that digest the food outside the cell, the digested food molecules are then absorbed back into the bacterial cell. some bacteria produce own food by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, they are autotrophic.

  heterotrophic bacteria cannot manufacture their own food, Saprotrophic bacteria form part of this group, parasitic bacteria.
• characteristics of bacteria

  mutualistic bacteria form a relationship with another organism, both benefit. aerobic bacteria use oxygen for respiration anaerobic bacteria can respire without oxygen, reproduces asexually by binary fission, is when one cell splits into two, when in unfavourable conditions bacteria form endospores.
• basic structure and function of protists

  belong to the kingdom Protista, are eukaryotic can be animal-like (protozoa), plant-like (algae) or fugus-like(slime and water mould)
• structure of protists

  have more than one chromosome, each chromosome consists of DNA packed tightly wound around proteins

  cell wall composition varies between plant-like protists, green algae cell wall made of cellulose, while diatoms cell walls consist of silica have a variety of locomotive structures in amoeba they have have pseudopodia (fake feet). paramecium have cilia to aid in movement others contain flagella.
• Protists

  • Vary in size, way in living, feeding habits etc.
  • Some are autotrophs (phytoplankton, unicellular, first link in aquatic food chains)
  • Some are heterotrophic
  • Some protists (protozoa) ingest their food by phagocytosis, which is how some of our white blood cells work, by engulfing what they want to ingest.
  • Protists move in a variety of ways some are free-floating or sessile (stay in place)
  • Other can move using flagella or by using false feet pseudopodia (amoeba)
  • Can reproduce asexually or sexually
• Phagocytosis


  Ingestion of solid particles by enclosing them in membranous vesicles
• Autotrophic protists

  • Phytoplankton
  • Unicellular
• Pseudopodia


  Temporary cytoplasmic projections used by some cells for locomotion or feeding
• Heterotrophic protists

  • Amoeba
• Protists


  Unicellular (amoeba) or multicellular (algae), eukaryotic, do not experience tissue differentiation, mostly found in liquid, fluid or damp environments
• basic structure and function of fungi

  examples; moulds, yeasts, mildews, rusts, toadstools and mushrooms. Eukaryotic. divided into two groups microscopic or macroscopic. some are parasitic however most are saprotrophic.
• Sporangiophores

  Hyphae that grow vertically and develop sporangia, which produce spores or their ends
• Runners or stolons

  Hyphae that branch horizontally on surface of the substrate
• Common type of fungi

  • Rhizopus
• Spores

  Top of hyphae, structures involved in reproduction
• Types of hyphae

  • Runners or stolons
  • Rhizoids
  • Sporangiophores
• Thallus

  Fungus like Rhizopus (no true roots, stems, leaves)
• Mycelium

  The interwoven body or vegetative mass of hyphae found in and on soil or organic substrate
• Hyphae


  • Branched with no crossed walls, each hyphae contains cytoplasm and multiple nuclei
  • Individual hypha is known as coenocyte
  • Three types of hyphae: runners or stolons, rhizoids and sporangiophores
• Rhizoids

  Branches that penetrate the subtrate and anchor the mycelium
• Structure of fungi

  Multicellular, consists of branched filaments or hyphae
• Cell wall of some fungi

  • Chitin
  • Cellulose
• Fungi


  • Few are unicellular, such as yeast and mould, some are multicellular, like mushrooms
  • Eukaryotic
  • Heterotrophic
  • Saprotrophic (parasitic fungi that live off organisms and cause diseases like thrush, ringworm and athletes foot)
  • Can store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen
  • Help to recycle nutrients back into the soil and atmosphere
  • Can reproduce asexually or sexually
  • Unicellular reproduce asexually by binary fission or budding
  • Multicellular fungi reproduce asexually by means of spores when conditions are unfavourable, when favourable they reproduce sexually