PMLS exam

• PHLEBOTOMY : - The process of collecting blood; act or practice of bloodletting as therapeutic measure as defined by Webster's dictionary
• Greek word of phlebotomy phlebos, "vein", and tome, "incision
• Hirudo medicinalis ( a European medicinal leech
• "Leech therapy", is found in the worm's salaiva, which contains local vasodilator, local anesthetic, and hirudin (anticoagulant)
• Approximately 10 mL of blood was the usual withdrawn blood
• phlebotomy also called Venesection ( Latin vena, "vein"; sectio, "cutting") *most common*
• Cupping - a heated glass cup was placed on a person's back. As the cup cooled, it created a suction that pulled the blood the capillaries under the cup. Then a spring loaded box containing blades cut the area to produce massive bleeding
• Venipuncture - involves collecting blood by penetrating a vein with a needle and syringe or other collection apparatus.
• SYRINGE/NEEDLES – 1 inch (mostly recommended) and 1.5 inch lengths are used
• 21 GAUGE – most common for venipuncture
• 23 GAUGE – FOR VERY SMALL VEINS
• 16 GAUGE – FOR BLOOD TRANSFUSION
• Barrel – main body; transparent cylindrical chamber holding the liquid. Graduated markings indicate volumes inside, allowing accurate measurement and administration of medications or fluids (either in mL or cc)
• Finger flange – horizontal extension found at the base of barrel, opposite the Luer lock or slip tip. Provides a convenient surface for users to rest their index and middle fingers while holding the syringe
• Plunger – fit snug inside the barrel, slightly concave end that comes into contact with liquid inside the barrel. For expelling or drawing liquid.
• Thumb rest – provide comfortable and secure grip for the user while pushing the plunger during injection. Allows for better control and stability when administering medications.
• Rubber stopper (plunger tip)- create a tight seal with the inner walls of the barrel. Primary function is to prevent air and liquid from leaking out of the barrel during withdrawal process.
• Needle – sharp, hollow, stainless steel tube that penetrates the skin, muscle, or blood vessel. Gauge number is inversely proportional to the diameter of the needle
• Needle hub – connects needle to syringe barrel. Designed to securely attach the needle to the syringe and provide stable, leak-ffree connection during injection of withdrawal. Usually color-coded according too needle gauge.
• Luer lock or slip tip – ensure a secure connection between needle and syringe, while slip tip relies on friction to keep the needle in place
• Bevel – is the slanted, sharpened edge of the needle tip that facilitates the penetration of the skin, muscle, or blood vessel. Designed to minimize pain and tissue damage during the injection process
• Needle cap – protective cove that fits over the needle when syringe is not in use. Maintains needle’s sterility, prevents accidental needlestick and protects needle from damage
• ETS (Evacuated Tube System) – most frequently used method for performing venipuncture. Blood is collected directly into evacuated tube, eliminating the need for transfer of specimens and minimizing risk of biohazard exposure.
• TOURNIQUET – device that is applied or tied around a patient’s arm prior to venipuncture to compress the veins and restrict blood flow
• ANTISEPTICS - used to prevent sepsis, which is the presence of microorganisms or their toxic products within the bloodstream. Prevent or inhibit the growth and development of microorganisms. but do not necessarily kill them. They are considered safe to use on human skin and are used to clean the site prior to blood collection.
• GAUZE PAD – 2-by2-inch gauze pads folded in fourths are used to hold pressure over the site following blood collection procedure
• SLIDES – used to make blood films. Either plain or frosted area at one end where px name or ither information can be written in pencil
• BLOOD COLLECTION TUBE - are used with both the ETS and the syringe method of obtaining blood specimens.
• WINGED INFUSION BLOOD COLLECTION SET/BUTTERFLY – an indispensable tool for collecting blood from small or difficult veins such as hand veins and veins of elderly and pediatric patients as it allows much more flexibility and precision than a needle and syringe
• VASCULAR SYSTEM - system of blood vessels that, along with the heart, forms the closed loop through which blood is circulated to all parts of the body
• Pulmonary Circulation - carries blood from right ventricle of the heart to the lungs to remove carbon dioxide and pick-up oxygen; the oxygenated blood is then returned to left atrium of the heart.
• Systemic Circulation - serves the rest of the body carrying the oxygenated blood and nutrients from the left ventricle of the heart to the body cells and then returning to the right atrium of the heart with blood carrying carbon dioxide and other waste products of metabolism from the cell.
• ARTERIES - carry blood away from the blood (oxygenated-oxygenated) . Have thick walls because the blood that moves through them is under pressure from the contraction of the ventricles. The pressure create pulse that can be felt, distinguishing the arteries from the veins.
• *Pulmonary artery* is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood --> part of pulmonary circulation and carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. Classified as artery because it carries away blood from the heart.
• ARTERIOLES - small branchs that joins with capillaries
• AORTA- largest (1inch or 2.5cm in diameter)
• VEINS - carries blood back to the heart. Deoxygenated (darker and more bluish-red), except for the pulmonary vein. Thinner walls. Blood is kept moving through veins by skeletal muscle movement, valves that prevents the backflow of blood, and pressure changes in the abdominal and thoracic cavities during breathing.
• Valves - allows blood to flow in one direction; composed of epithelium similar to the semilunar valve. major structural difference between veins and arteries
• VENULES - smallest veins at the junction of capillaries
• VENAE CAVAE (singular: vena cava) - Largest