ES084 - Computer Programming 1

• Calculating machines

  • Pascal's Calculator - developed by Blaise Pascal in 1642
  • Liebniz Calculator - developed by Gottfried Liebniz in 1694
  • Babbage Analytical Engine - father of modern computer developed in 1822
• Second Generation Computers (1957 - 1963) were characterized by the use of transistors
• Types of devices invented to assist in manipulating data

  • Manual Mechanical Device - simple mechanism powered by hand
  • Electro-Mechanical Device - powered by electric motor
  • Electronic Devices - made of electrical and electronic components
  • Abacus - first computing device originated in China in 12th century
• Lady Ada Byron, daughter of English poet Lord Byron, was instrumental in the design of the Babbage Analytical Engine
• First Generation Computers (1946 - 1956) could perform 5,000 calculations per second
• Computer


  • Designed to execute applications and provide a variety of solutions through integrated hardware and software components
• Fourth Generation Computers (1971 - Present) saw the introduction of microprocessor chips by INTEL in 1971
• Examples of peripherals

  • printer
  • keyboard
  • mouse
  • monitor
  • headset
• Application Software is developed for specific applications such as business or academic use
• System Software manages and supports the resources and operations of a computer system
• Bill Gates & Paul Allen established Microsoft Corp. in 1975
• Abacus was invented by Chinese in 500 BC
• Computer


  A programmable electronic device that accepts raw data as input and processes it with a set of instructions to produce the result as output
• Lady Ada Byron was the first female computer programmer
• Hardware


  Refers to the physical components of a computer, including input and output devices
• Computer Programming involves creating a sequence of instructions to enable the computer to perform tasks
• Fortran (1957) was the first high-level programming language introduced by IBM
• Variables are associated with memory cells whose values can change during program execution
• First IBM PC was introduced in 1981
• Software


  Refers to the planned, step-by-step instructions that tell computer hardware how to perform tasks
• Variables


  Containers in a computer's memory that store and retrieve values
• Data Types in C represent a set of values and operations that can be performed on those values
• Types of Programming Languages

  • Machine Languages
  • Assembly Languages
  • High-level Languages
• High-level Languages are translated via compilers
• Common Programming Errors include Syntax Errors, Run Time Errors, and Logic Errors
• Output commands like Printf write formatted output to the standard output device
• C Language was developed by Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell Laboratories and is portable across different environments
• Prefix Increment places ++ immediately in front of its operand, while Postfix Increment increments the value after the expression
• Machine Languages consist of strings of numbers
• Abacus was used as one of the most primitive calculators (counting device)
• Computer


  Derived from the Latin word "computare" which means to calculate
• Computer developments

  • Hollerith's Punched Card Machine - developed by Herman Hollerith
  • Mark 1 - developed by Howard Aiken in 1937
  • EINAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
  • EDVAC - Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
  • UNIVAC - developed by John Mauchly & Presper Eckert
• Constants are identifiers with a constant value throughout program execution
• Third Generation Computers (1964 - 1970) were characterized by the use of Integrated Circuits
• Fifth Generation Computers involve subjects like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and "thinking machines"
• Assembly Languages are translated via assemblers
• The C Processor is executed before the source code is compiled
• Categories of Software

  • System Software
  • Application Software
• Input commands like Scanf() are used to accept data from standard input, usually the keyboard