Geo term 1

• Equidistant contours are evenly spaced lines that represent equal change in elevation between lines.
• Definition:

  Symbolic horizontal lines which indicate the height and shape of a slope.

  Contour lines provide information about height and shape of objects.

  Contour interval:

  Line difference between each contour line, indicated in meters.
• Cartographer: a person who makes maps

  Model: smaller realistic copy of a real object or feature
• STEEP SLOPE: indicated as contour lines that are very close together.

  GENTLE SLOPE: indicated as contour lines that are further apart from each other.

  Gradient:

  Difference in height between two points

  Distance between the two points
• Orthophoto image: a picture of the land that is made using computer technology

  Distortions: not the true shape of objects

  Orthophoto map: a rectified image based on an aerial photograph with additional

  information from a map

  Grid: a set of regularly spaced lines which provide a mathematical base for a
• Orthophoto image is a combination of a map and a vertical aerial photograph

  Orthophoto images are made using information from vertical aerial photographs.

  Computer program helps cartographers to correct the scale and remove any

  distortions in vertical photograph.

  Orthophoto maps display following information:

  place names

  Contour lines

  Heights

  Road numbers

  And grid showing coordinates
• Orthophoto maps have contour lines marked on them.

  Contour lines are at five-metre intervals.

  Not every contour line is numbered on an orthophoto map.

  Orthophoto maps also show height using spot heights

  Spot height marks a place where the exact height of a place is known, such a top

  of a hill or a place next to a road.
• Natural and constructed features

  Constructed features – People build it.

  Natural features – It is part of the physical environment.
• Contour lines


  • Contour lines are represented as a brown line on a 1:50 000 topographic map
  • The height is always indicated in meters
  • If the landscape is steep, the contour lines are close together
  • If the landscape is gradual, the contour lines are far apart
  • If the slope is level, the contour lines are evenly spaced
• Contour interval


  The difference between two contour lines lying alongside each other
• Contour lines


  Imaginary lines that join places of equal height
• Contour lines are lines that join places of equal height
• Contour interval

  • 5m
  • 20m
  • 100m
• River valley Spur Hill Ridge

  • Represented by

  V-shaped contour

  lines.

  • The Vs point

  towards

  increasing height.

  • Represented by

  U-shaped contour

  lines.

  • The Us point

  towards

  decreasing

  height.

  • Landform that extends

  above the surrounding

  terrain.

  • Have a distinct summit.

  • A long, narrow

  raised land

  formation with

  sloping sides.
• Orthophoto maps


  Combination of a map and a photograph
• Usually filmed and printed in black and white to save costs
• Orthophoto maps

  • Contour lines are superimposed to provide a sense of the height of the landscape
• Orthophoto maps


  Made by adding map information to orthophotos
• Orthophoto maps


  Larger scale than topographic maps – 1:10 000
• The camera axis is vertical to the ground (90˚-angle)
• Vertical aerial photographs


  • Help to map large and inaccessible areas
• Vertical aerial photographs


  • Top view of the landscape
• Vertical aerial photographs

  Larger scale than topographic maps
• Orthophotos


  Made from vertical aerial photographs
• Central Business

  District

  • In the city centre.

  • Highest land values.

  • Most accessible.

  • Highest building

  density.

  • Highest buildings.
• Light industrial zone

  • Located outside of the CBD.

  • Assemble processed goods like

  vehicle parts or machinery.

  • Less pollution.

  • Usually located near transport

  networks.

  • Have easy access into the CBD

  where they market their goods.
• Heavy industrial zone

  • Found on the outskirts of the

  city where land is the cheapest.

  • Found near major road and rail

  networks for transport of raw

  materials and finished products.

  • Often low-income housing is

  found

  • Heavy air and noise pollution.
• Residential (low and/ or high density)

  • Industrial (heavy/light)

  • Business and or retail centres

  • Green belts/ buffer zones

  • Protected natural reserves

  • Agricultural land
• Characterized by:

  • Smaller, with fewer inhabitants.

  • Houses are often widely spread.

  • Usually in a linear or circular

  pattern.

  • Nucleated settlements can also

  form near scarce resources like

  water or closer to work

  opportunities.
• Characterized by:

  • Range from informal sectors and sprawling townships to

  high-density suburbs.

  • Informal sectors and townships are characterized by low-

  income groups and poor infrastructure.

  • High-density suburbs are characterized by high-income and

  high-service infrastructure (transport systems, schools,

  recreation, and medical facilities).