Capitalism vs Socialism

• Mr. Birling represents capitalism—he is self-interested, profit-driven, and dismissive of social responsibility. He believes individuals should only look after themselves and their families.
• The Inspector represents socialism and Priestley’s views. He promotes social responsibility, community, and caring for others, especially the working class.
• "We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other.” – Inspector. Emphasises unity, shared responsibility, and socialist ideals.
• The younger generation (Sheila and Eric) begin to adopt socialist views, accepting responsibility. The older generation (Mr. and Mrs. Birling) cling to capitalist values and refuse to change.
• Priestley criticises capitalism for being cold, selfish, and morally blind, especially when it leads to the exploitation of workers like Eva Smith.
• The Inspector's final message warns that if people fail to act responsibly, society will suffer: “If men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish.”
• Gerald shows some remorse but ultimately sides with the Birlings. He represents the younger part of the upper class unwilling to fully embrace change or socialist values.