psychology approaches

• social learning theory
• what study was used for social learning theory?

  banduras bobo doll study- 72 3-5 year olds (36 boys 36 girls) watched either an aggressive adult play with the bobo doll, an adult playing neutrally with the bobo doll or no adult at all. results showed that the kids imitated their role model they watched- it was a stronger imitation for boys if they watched a same sex role model
• what are the 4 mediational processes in social learning theory?

  A: attention- paying attention/ noticing

  R: retention- how accurately it is remembered

  R: reproduction- being able to physically perform the behaviour

  M: motivation- wanting to perform the behaviour
• what does vicarious rienforcement mean in social learning theory?

  learning through observing consequences of other peoples actions
• what does identification mean in social learning theory?

  the extent to which someone relates to their role model
• what are the key points/ evaluation of social learning theory?

  strengths- has real world application, highly scientific, less reductionist than behaviourist approach, less deterministic than behaviourist approach

  limitations- banduras research lacks mundane realism
• what does the cognitive approach believe?

  mental processes are like a computer (input- storage- output)
• what is a schema in cognitive approach?

  packages that act as a mental framework
• what is the aim of cognitive neuroscience?

  to find a biological basis for mental processes
• what methods are used to investigate cognitive neuroscience?

  PET scans: scan captures images of activity across the brain after radio active ‘tracers‘ have been absorbed into the bloodstream

  fMRI scans: uses a magnetic field and radio signals to monitor blood flow across the brain
• what practical application can be applied to cognitive neuroscience?

  maguire et al (2000) who compared MRI scans of 16 male london taxi drivers compared to 50 male non taxi drivers and results showed that the hippocampus of taxi drivers is significantly larger showing this is the part of the brain associated with navigation
• what key points/ evaluation is there for the cognitive approach?

  strengths- has real world application (CBT therapy), scientific, element of determinism (soft determinism), cognitive neuroscience continues to progress as technology advances

  limitations- highly reductionist
• what does the psychodynamic approach believe in?

  the ID, the ego and the superego

  the conscious mind, preconscious mind and unconscious mind

  repression, denial and displacement

  freuds psychosexual stages
• Freud's psychosexual stages in the psychodynamic approach

  • Oral stage
  • Anal stage
  • Phallic stage
  • Latency stage
  • Genital stage
• Anal stage

  Ego in control, focuses on anal pleasure<br>Consequences of fixation: anal retentive - perfectionist and obsessive, or anal expulsive - thoughtless and messy
• Phallic stage

  Superego in control, focuses on genital pleasure<br>Consequences of fixation: phallic personality - narcissistic, reckless, possibly homosexual
• Oral stage

  ID in control, focuses on mouth pleasure<br>Consequences of fixation: smoking, nail biting, sarcasm
• Genital stage


  Sexual desires become conscious alongside puberty<br>Consequences of fixation: difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
• Latency stage

  Earlier conflicts are repressed