Hormonal coordination - B11

• What does insulin do to regulate blood glucose levels ?

  • decreases blood glucose
  • acts at the liver
  • released by the pancreas
  • converts glucose to glycogen
• What does glucagon do to regulate blood glucose levels ?

  • raises blood glucose levels
  • acts at the liver
  • released by the pancreas
  • converts glycogen back into glucose
• where is glycogen stored ?

  Liver and muscles
• What is the function of FSH?

  • stimulates ovaries to make oestrogen
  • causes and egg cell to mature
• Where are FSH and LH produced ?

  Pituitary gland
• Where are oestrogen and progesterone released from?

  Ovaries
• What is the purpose of oestrogen ?


  • produces secondary sexual characteristics
  • stimulates LH
• What is the purpose of LH ?


  • stimulates the release of an egg
• What is the purpose of progesterone ?

  • thickens uterus lining
  • thickens cervical mucus
• barrier contraception

  positives:

  • prevents STIs

  negatives:

  • human error
  • barrier can break
• Ovulation suppressant

  positive:

  • don‘t need barrier
  • cant get pregnant
  • negatives:
  • open to STIs
  • human error
• Why is oestrogen in the contraceptive pill?

  • inhibits FSH
  • so no eggs can mature
  • so no ovulation
  • eggs cant be fertilised
• Why is progesterone in the contraceptive pill ?

  • thickens cervical mucus
  • creates a barrier so sperm can’t enter
• What are some draw backs to ivf ?

  • greater chances of multiple births
  • very expensive
  • hormonal therapies have side add such as depression
  • max success rate is <40%
• IVF

  • FSH injected
  • more eggs matured
  • eggs extracted
  • fertilised in a petri dish
• Type 1 diabetes

  • no insulin
  • problem with pancreas
  • often genetic
  • cells don’t absorb glucose
• Type 1 diabetes treatment

  • inject insulin
  • monitor exercise and carb levels
• Type 2 diabetes

  • from lifestyle choices
  • pancreas is fine
  • liver doesn’t react to insulin
• Type 2 diabetes treatment

  • balanced diet
  • lose weight
  • exercise regularly
• Phototropism

  • Plants grow towards light
  • auxins produced in root and shoot tips
  • auxins become unevenly distributed across roots and shoots more auxins on Shaded side of shoots
  • areas of higher auxin concentrations grow faster
  • auxins increase rate of cell division
• Gravitropism

  • auxins collect on lower side of stem
  • causing pants to always grow up
• Gibberellins

  • stimulate seed germination
  • used to increase seedless fruit size
  • used to lengthen growing season and promote growth out of season
• Ethene

  • Stimulates ripening of fruits
  • added to atmosphere in produce warehouses to ripen fruits that were harvested unripe
• Auxins

  • Causes cell division/elongation
  • used to stimulate growth in tissue culture
  • sprayed as weed killer as causes rapid uncontrolled growth then death