Bones

• Hyaline cartilage


  Clear, glassy appearance, eases joint movements, found at ends of bones at mobile joints, rings in trachea and bronchi, thyroid cartilage of larynx, costal cartilages of ribs, most of fetal skeleton
• Structures forming part of the skeletal system

  • Bones
  • Cartilage
  • Ligaments
  • Joints
• Axial part of the skeleton

  Central support axis of the body, bones in the midline of the body
• Cartilage is a type of flexible connective tissue mainly found in joints, nose, ears, larynx, and trachea
• Osteology


  The detailed study of the structure of bones, skeletal elements
• Elastic cartilage


  Contains elastic fibers, provides flexible, elastic support, found in external ear and epiglottis
• Types of cartilage

  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Elastic cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
• Fibrocartilage


  Contains coarse collagen, resists compression and absorbs shock in joints, found in pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci in knee joint
• Functions of the skeleton

  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Electrolyte balance
  • Acid-base balance
  • Blood formation
• Appendicular part of the skeleton

  Bones of the upper limb and pectoral girdle, bones of the lower limb and pelvic girdle
• Axial skeleton


  • Central support axis of body
  • Bones in the midline of the body
• Appendicular skeleton


  • Bones of upper limb and pectoral girdle
  • Bones of lower limb and pelvic girdle
• Flat bones

  • Sternum
  • Scapula
  • Most cranial bones
  • Ribs
  • Hip bone
• Long bones

  • Femur
  • Radius
  • Clavicle
  • Phalanges
  • Carpals
  • Tarsals
• Other tissues found in bones

  • Blood
  • Bone marrow
  • Cartilage
  • Adipose tissue
  • Nervous tissue
  • Fibrous tissue
• Diaphysis


  • Consist of compact bone
  • Contains a medullary / marrow cavity with bone marrow
  • Normally has nutrient foramen
• Anatomy of a long bone

  1. Diaphysis (shaft)

  2. Epiphysis (ends)

  3. Metaphysis (growth / epiphyseal line)
• Projection sites of muscle and ligament attachments

  • Anterior superior iliac spine
  • Pectineal line
• Yellow bone marrow

  • Found in medullary cavity of diaphysis
  • Contains a lot of fat
• Types of bone marrow

  • Red bone marrow
  • Yellow bone marrow
• Example bone for projection sites of muscle and ligament attachments

  • Hip bone
  • Femur
• Bony landmarks

  • Tuberosity
  • Crest
  • Line or linea
  • Spine
• Classification of bones based on shape

  • Flat bones
  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Irregular bones
  • Sesamoid bones
• Regions of the skeleton

  • Axial skeleton
  • Appendicular skeleton
• Irregular bones

  • Vertebrae
  • Facial bones
  • Patella
• Epiphysis


  • Contains mainly spongy bone
  • Covered by compact bone
  • Contains epiphyseal line (indicates growth zone)
• Red bone marrow

  • Found in spongy bone at epiphysis of long bones
  • Function: produce red blood cells
• Common terms used for features on bones are based on projection sites of muscle and ligament attachments, surfaces that form joints, depressions, and openings
• Epicondyle


  Raised area on or above a condyle
• Projection sites of muscle and ligament attachments

  • Greater trochanter
  • Adductor tubercle
  • Lateral epicondyle
• Tubercle


  Small rounded projection or process
• Groove

  Furrow
• Depressions


  • Frontal sinus
  • Posterior cranial fossa
• Projection sites of muscle and ligament attachments

  • Iliac crest
  • Ischial tuberosity
• Notch


  Indentation at the edge of a structure
• Foramen


  Round or oval opening through a bone
• Trochanter


  Very large, blunt, irregular process, unique to the femur
• Projection sites of muscle and ligament attachments

  • Anterior superior iliac spine
  • Pectineal line
• Surfaces that form joints

  • Head of femur
  • Condyles of femur
  • Head of rib
  • Articular facets
• Fissure


  Narrow, slit-like opening