Blood cells

• Red blood cells


  • Shape (1i) round and disc
  • Has no nucleus
  • Has a life span of 120 days
  • Has about 56mL of haemoglobin
  • Combines with haemoglobin in the lungs
  • Transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
• White blood cells


  Cells that help defend the body against disease by attacking bacteria and virus
• Red blood cells

  Cells that have a round and disc shape, have no nucleus, and transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
• Platelets


  • Shape (i) Ting, irregular in all fragments
  • Have no nucleus
  • Fewer in number and small in size than white blood cells
  • Aid in blood clotting
• Blood plasma


  The liquid component of blood
• White blood cells


  • Shape (ii) Relatively large and irregular
  • Colourless
  • Larger than platelets
  • Fewer in number than red blood cells
  • Defend the body against disease by attacking bacteria and virus
• Platelets


  Cells that have no nucleus, are smaller in number and size than white blood cells, and aid in blood clotting
• Endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands (including the adrenal medulla), pancreas, ovaries/testes, and pineal gland.
• Entanglement refers to the strange phenomenon where two or more quantum particles become "entangled" such that an action on one system has an instantaneous effect on the other, even if the particles are separated by a large distance.
• The main function of the endocrine system is to secrete hormones into the bloodstream, which then travel throughout the body.
• The superposition principle allows a quantum system to exist in multiple states at once, known as a superposition.
• The uncertainty principle states that certain pairs of physical properties, like position and momentum, cannot both be known with unlimited precision simultaneously.
• Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and allows involuntary contraction.
• The theory of evolution explains how life on Earth developed and diversified over millions of years through natural selection.
• Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various physiological processes such as growth, metabolism, reproduction, and homeostasis.
• Chemical equilibrium
• Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed or altered by them.
• Gene expression refers to the process by which information encoded in genes is used to produce functional products such as proteins.
• Glycolysis is anaerobic respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm of all living organisms and involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate.
• Cellular respiration is the set of metabolic pathways and processes that occur within cells to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), providing energy for cellular activities.
• Lipid bilayer membrane structure consists of two layers of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.