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• Homeostasis - is the state of stability inside an organism’s body. The nervous system is the organ which performs many functions in the body, mostly for control and regulation. It consists of the brain, the spinal cord, and the neurons.
• Parts of homeostasis - brain, spinal cord, reflex, neuron.
• Brain - is the main organ in the nervous system.
• Spinal cord - is a cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers that extends the medulla and vertebral column.
• Reflex - is an automatic response.Relfex
• Neuron - Major component of the brain and the spinal cord
• Divisions of the nervous systems

  ~>pons

  ~>hindbrain

  ~>cerebellum
• Reticulated activating system - Is a set of connected nuclei in the brain that is responsible for regulating the information that comes to the brain from the sense organs. its job is to regulate behavioural arousal, consciousness and motivation.
• Pituitary gland - Is a protrusion of the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain. The hormones of the pituitary gland help regulate the growth, development, and functioning of other endocrine glands.
• Three layers of membrane that protects the brain and spinal cord.

  ~> pia mater

  ~> arachnoid mater

  ~> dura mater
• Dura mater - The tough outer layer of tissue that covers and protects the brain and spinal cord and is closest to the skull.
• Arachnoid mater - is a thin transparent membrane.
• Pia mater - it protects the central nervous system.
• Peripheral Nervous system - peripheral nervous system or PNs refers to the parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.
• Sympathetic Mechanism - The sympathetic mechanism works when a person is in a tough situation.
• Pons - connects the upper and lower parts of the brain. It is responsible for controlling breathing and sleep cycles
• Hindbrain - lower part of the brain, comprising the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
• Cerebellum - size of a plum and is found at the back of the brain. It is the most neuron-densed region of the brain. It also controls the body's posture and voluntary movements.
• Midbrain - is the smallest region in the human brain. This region plays an important role in reward-based learning
• Forebrain - It contains the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
• Thalamus - is to sort and send most of the sensory signals to and from the proper regions of the cerebral cortex.
• Hypothalamus - Is the control center of the homeostasis of the internal environment. It receives signals of the body and regulates body temperature
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid - DNA
• Where is DNA found? - DNA is in every cell of every living thing. It is found within the chromosomes of the cell.
• DNA has a distinctive double-helix structure
• A ALWAYS PAIRS WITH T

  C ALWAYS PAIRS WITH G
• • Messenger RNA (mRNA): mRNA carries genetic information from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. It serves as a template for protein synthesis.
• • Transfer RNA (tRNA): tRNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis. Each tRNA molecule carries a specific amino acid and contains an anticodon that recognizes the corresponding codon on the mRNA.
• • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): rRNA is a major component of ribosomes, the cellular organelles where protein synthesis occurs. It helps catalyze the chemical reactions involved in peptide bond formation between amino acids.
• Unlike DNA's double helix structure, RNA is typically single-stranded
• Protein synthesis - the process in which cells make proteins.
• Sometimes, mistakes happen during the DNA copying process, leading to changes called mutations.
• Consumers(Heterotrophs) -> Organisms that feed onplants and other producersas they cannot make theirown.
• Chemosynthetic (autothrops) -> Organisms that make their ownfood with the use of chemicalsfrom hydrothermal vents in theocean floor.
• Tropic levels  ~> producers ~> harbivores ~> carnivore ~> omnivore
• Biochemical cycle - the movement of nutrients and other elements between biotic and abiotic factors
• Atmosphere - The largest reservoir of free oxygen onEarth
• Biosphere - the main cycle thatinvloves oxygen are respiration.
• Lithosspehere - the oxygen isbounded in the minerals in theenvironment.
• Carbon cycle - when attached to twooxygen atoms can producecarbon dioxide.

  Which is then absorbed by theplants and used forphotosynthesis.