C3

• Arrangement of atoms:

  • Metal ions (positive)
  • Electrons (negative)
  • They are held together by strong electrostatic forces
  • Ions are held tightly in a solid, giant structure
• Metal bonding:

  • Metal atoms are arranged closely together.
  • They are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between positively charged metal ions in a sea of negatively charged ions
• Properties of metal ions:

  • Ductile/malleable
  • Good conductors
  • High melting and boiling point
• Deducing reactivity:

  • Reactivity of metals can be deduced by reacting a sample of the metal with water, steam or an acid
  • How violent the reaction is determines how reactive it is
• Metal reactions:

  • Metals lose electrons when they react to become positive ions
  • Ionic compounds are formed
  • The more easily a metal becomes an ion, the more reactive it is
• Reactivity series:

  A) Potassium

  B) Carbon

  C) Hydrogen

  D) Platinum

  
• Displacement:

  • Metal reactivity can be determined by carrying out reactions of metal with metal compounds
  • A more reactive metal will displace a less reactive metal from it's compound
  • e.g Copper Sulphate + Iron = Iron Sulphate + Copper
• Carbon Extraction:

  • Metals below carbon in the reactivity series can be extracted by a displacement reaction in a blast furnace by heating with carbon
  • This process requires a lot of energy and releases greenhouse gases
  • e.g Zinc Oxide + Carbon = Zinc + Carbon Dioxide
• Oxidation - when carbon is oxidised e.g carbon = carbon dioxide
• Extraction by Electrolysis

  • Metals more reactive than carbon will not be displaced by carbon, carbon extraction will not work, electrolysis is used instead
  • It is the splitting of a substance using electrical current. It requires a positive and negative electrode.
  • When put in aqueous solution containing charged ions, the positive metal ions will be attracted to the negative electrode and vice versa.
  • When the ions attach to the electrodes, they gain or lose electrons and turn into atoms. They can then be collected
• Electrolysis of Aluminium oxide

  • Solid aluminium oxide does not conduct electricity because the ions cannot move
  • It is heated so it melts and becomes molten
  • The aluminium and oxygen ions can now move when a current flows through it and electrolysis can now happen
• Crude Oil - a type of fossil fuel extracted from the earths crust, a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules
• Fractional Distillation:

  • Crude oil turns into a gas 300℃, it rises up the tower cooling the higher it gets
  • When the temperature is the same as the boiling point of the fraction, it condenses
  • Different fractions in crude oil condense at different temperatures and are collected
  • Fractions containing smaller molecules with weaker intermolecular forces condense at lower temperatures at the top and fractions containing longer molecules and stronger intermolecular forces condense at higher temperatures at the bottom

  
• Alkanes and Homologous series:

  • Crude oil is a mixture containing hydrocarbon molecules known as alkanes. They have similar properties therefore are homologous series.
  • formula = CₙH₂₊ₙ
• Useful products from crude oil - gas, petrol and diesel, plastics
• Cracking:

  • Long hydrocarbon alkane chains are not useful so they are split into smaller chain molecules which are in demand are more useful
  • Long hydrocarbons are heated and thermally decomposed into short molecules