Chemistry

• Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus. They make up most of the mass of the atom.
• Electrons have no mass and are located outside the nucleus. They are orbiting the nucleus on a shell.
• Protons are positively charged. Neutrons have no charge. And electrons are negatively charged.
• Columns tell you the number of valence electrons are in an atom.
• Rows/periods tell you the number of electrons containing shells.
• An ion is a charged atom or molecule. Its charge is dependent on whether it loses or gains electrons.
• When atoms lose electrons, they become a positive ion. This is due to their overall charge becoming more positive.
• If an atom gains electrons, it's overall charge will become negative.
• Ionic bonding is the transfer of electrons between ions. A LOSS of electrons results in a POSITIVELY charged ion called a CATION (are metals). And a GAIN of electrons results in a NEGATIVELY charged ion called an ANION (are non-metals).
• Name the labels and their usage

  
• The atomic number = number of protons, in a neutral atom. This will also tell you how mnay electrons are present.
• To determine the number of neutrons, you subtract the atomic number (protons) from the mass number (protons + neutrons).
• isotopes are atoms containing the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
• CATIONS and ANIONS are ionic compounds, they are attracted to each other as unlike charges attract.
• In rates of reaction, when temperature increases, the rate also increases.
• When particle size decreases, the rate of reaction will increase.
• When concentration of reactants increases, the rate of reaction will increase.
• Catalyst leads to an increased rate (they are uninvolved in the reaction, but aid to increase the rate of a reaction).