BIO EXAM FLASHCARDS

• How does potassium move across the membrane of a neuron during repolarization?


  Facilitated Diffusion
• What feature of carbon makes it most suitable as a basis for life?

  Its bonding properties
• How are fats and cholesterol transported in the blood?


  As groups of molecules in lipoprotein complexes
• Which protein has the highest tensile strength (ability to resist breaking when stretched)?


  Spider Silk
• What is always passed to the next generation as a result of sexual reproduction?

  A haploid set of chromosomes from the mother
• When do splitting of centromeres, random assortment of chromosomes or reduction division of chromosomes take place?


  Meiosis I and meiosis II
• Which genotype would be seen in a person suffering from Huntington’s disease?


  Hh
• Animals in the highest trophic level of a food chain will often be the largest in body size but will be few in numbers. What accounts for the small numbers?


  Energy losses through the food chain
• Which conditions favour peat formation?


  wet, anaerobic, acidic
• Bacteria from chicken feces can cause a loss of intestinal villi in small children who happen to eat dirt in rural villages. Which effect could be expected from such a loss of villi?

  Malnutrition
• When intense physical activity is anticipated, which factor in the blood will increase the frequency of sinoatrial signals to heart muscle?


  Epinephrine
• How are the insides of alveoli prevented from sticking together?


  Type II pneumocytes providing surfactant
• Neural pathways in living brains can now be mapped by tracking the movement of water molecules inside axons. What keeps water molecules inside axons?

  Plasma membrane
• What releases leptin?


  adipose tissue
• What happens when pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA in the link reaction?


  decarboxylation
• ATP is needed to change products of the carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate into triose phosphate. What other substance is also needed?


  Reduced NADP
• What could account for a normal distribution of height in a population?

  Multiple genes
• The presence of proteins such as albumin in a urine sample indicates kidney damage. Where in the kidney would the damage exist?

  Cortex
• What contributes to the total DNA content of a zygote?

  The DNA of father and mother from their nucleus, and the DNA from mitochondria of mother
• What makes thylakoid suitable for photosynthesis?

  Has ETC and ATP synthase for photophosphorylation
• What is the mode of transportation of triglycerides?

  simple diffusion
• What is the mode of transportation of amino acids?

  co-transport
• What is the mode of transportation of monosaccharides?

  facilitated diffusion
• What stage and what happens during G1

  Interphase, Cell growth
• What stage and what happens during S phase

  Interphase, DNA synthesis
• What stage and what happens during G2 phase

  interphase, preparation for mitosis
• What are the five stages of mitosis (in order)?

  Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
• State two features that are found only in mammals

  hair/fur, lactation/milk production
• Outline the actions taken by the body to avoid infection when the skin is cut.

  First line of defense: blood clotting by fibrin and red blood cells

  Second line of defense: phagocytes ingesting the foreign bacteria by endocytosis

  Third line of defense: production of antibodies for the specific antigens on the pathogen
• Where are FSH and LH hormones produced

  pituitary glands
• Function FSH

  stimulates follicular growth

  stimulates estrogen secretion by ovaries from developing follicles
• Function LH

  surge causes ovulation

  results in the formation of corpus luteum
• Function estrogen

  thickens uterine lining

  inhibits FSH and LH

  stimulates FSH and LH release pre-ovulation
• Functions of progesterone

  thickens uterine lining

  inhibits LH and FSH
• State the role of cyclins in the cell cycle

  Cyclins activate CDKs which then specify target proteins for specific events via phosphorylation
• outline phosphorylation

  the addition of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to a molecule. 
• Where is melatonin produced?

  pineal gland in the brain
• Function of rubisco enzymes

  catalyzes the first reaction of the carbon-fixing reactions of photosynthesis
• Function of insulin

  decreases blood sugar levels
• Function of immunoglobulin 


  an antibody that recognizes an antigen as part of immune response