Anaph Nervous System

• Nervous System Outline


  • Morphological Division
  • Functions and Divisions
  • Types of Cells in the Nervous System
  • Central Nervous System
  • Peripheral Nervous System
  • Autonomic Nervous System
• Accessory Cells


  • The non-nervous elements consist of blood vessels, connective tissue, and supporting cells known collectively as neuroglia
• Main Neurotransmitters

  • Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
  • Acetylcholine
• Types of Cells in the Nervous System

  1. Neuron and Neuroglia

  2. Neuron

  3. Accessory Cells

  4. Neuroglia
• Morphological Divisions

  1. Somatic and Visceral Efferent

  2. Somatic Efferent

  3. Autonomic Efferent
• Neuron

  • Two Types of Processes: Dendrites - group of short, unsheathed processes arranged like branches of a tree that transmit impulse toward the cell body, Axons - a single, elongated sheathed process conducting impulses away from the cell body
• Synapse


  • Synapses are points of connection between neurons. The axon of one neuron makes functional contact with dendrites of another neuron. Certain chemicals, called transmitters, are released from axonal endings for impulse to leap the synaptic junction
• Central Nervous System consists of Brain and Spinal Cord
• Psychomotor Unit Expected Outcomes

  1. Participate actively during class discussions

  2. Confidently express personal opinion and thoughts in front of the class
• Meninges of the Brain

  • Dura Mater: superficial, thickest layer
  • Arachnoid Mater: 2nd layer
  • Pia Mater: 3rd layer, surface of brain
• Diencephalon Components

  1. Thalamus: largest portion of diencephalon, influences moods and detects pain

  2. Epithalamus: above thalamus, emotional and visceral response to odors

  3. Hypothalamus: below thalamus, controls pituitary gland, connected to it by infundibulum, controls homeostasis, body temp, thirst, hunger, fear, rage, sexual emotions
• Peripheral Nervous System Components

  • Cranial Nerves
  • Autonomic Nervous System
• Lobes of the Brain

  • Frontal Lobe
  • Parietal Lobe
  • Occipital Lobe
  • Temporal Lobe
  • Insula (Island of Reil)
• Components of Gray Matter


  • Center of spinal cord
  • Looks like letter H or a butterfly
  • Posterior horns contain axons which synapse with interneurons
  • Anterior horns contain somatic neurons
  • Lateral horns contain autonomic neurons
  • Central canal is a fluid-filled space in the center of the cord
• Main Neurotransmitters

  • Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
  • Acetylcholine
• Central Nervous System consists of the Brain and Spinal Cord
• Neurotransmitters


  Certain chemicals, called transmitters, are released from axonal endings for impulse to leap the synaptic junction
• Components of White Matter

  • Outside of spinal cord
  • Contains myelinated fibers
  • Contains 3 columns: dorsal, ventral, lateral columns
• To aid in understanding the functions of the brain, watch the video at https://youtu.be/tZFW-waIpQg
• Cerebrospinal Fluid bathes the brain and spinal cord, provides a protective cushion around the CNS, produced in choroid plexus of the brain, sits in the subarachnoid space
• Spinal Cord is part of the Central Nervous System
• Types of Processes in Neurons

  • Dendrites: Transmit impulse toward the cell body
  • Axons: Conduct impulses away from the cell body
• The nervous system is composed of two major types of cells: Neurons and Neuroglia
• Acetylcholine is released at the neuromuscular junction
• Synapse


  Points of connection between neurons where axons make functional contact with dendrites of another neuron. Transmitters like Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Acetylcholine are released for impulse transmission
• Morphological Divisions of the Nervous System

  • Central Nervous System: Brain, Spinal cord
  • Peripheral Nervous System: Cranial Nerves (12 pairs), Spinal Nerves (31 Nerves), Autonomic Nervous System
• Functions and Divisions of the Nervous System

  • Somatic Efferent: Innervating somatic structures like skeletal muscles and skin
  • Visceral Efferent: Innervating visceral or involuntary structures like smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, and glands (Autonomic Nervous System)
• Neuron


  The basic unit of the nervous system which conducts electrical impulses from one part of the body to another, consisting of a cell body (perikaryon) and processes transmitting impulses
• Accessory Cells in the Nervous System

  • Non-nervous elements including blood vessels, connective tissue, and supporting cells collectively known as neuroglia
• Main Neurotransmitters

  • Epinephrine (adrenalin)
  • Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
  • Acetylcholine
• The cell membrane of neurons is unstimulated
• The Central Nervous System includes the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD
• Main Neurotransmitters

  • Epinenphrine (adrenalin)
  • Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
  • Acetylcholine
• The brain is the most complex and largest mass of nervous tissue in the body and contains billions of nerve cells
• Nerve Impulse

  1. Cell membrane of unstimulated neurons carries an electric charge

  2. Nerve impulse is a localized reversal in the charge of the cell and spreads like an electric current

  3. The sudden electric change in the membrane is called ACTION POTENTIAL

  4. The electric change is due to the rapid shift in sodium and potassium across the cell membrane

  5. This occurs very rapidly and is followed by a rapid return of the membrane to its original state so it can be stimulated again
• Gray matter


  So-called because of its darker appearance and preponderance of nerve cell bodies
• Functions of the Cerebrum include being the seat of advanced intellectual functions, memory storage, recall, learning, reasoning, comprehension, execution of language, perceptions of all sensations, integration of different modalities of sensation, and initiation of movements
• Fissures of the Cerebrum

  • Longitudinal Fissure
  • Lateral Sylvian Fissure
  • Central of Sulcus (Rolandic Fissure)
  • Parieto-occipital fissure
  • Calcarine Fissure
• Divisions of the Central Nervous System

  • Gray matter
  • White matter
• All neurotransmitters are released by autonomic fibers