Viruses

• What is the variety of shapes viruses come in?

  Polyhedral

  spherical

  helical

  complex
• What do they all contain the segment of?

  Nucleic acid wrapped in a capsid shell
• What can the nucleic acid be For DNA?

  Hepadnavirus, herpes virus aka herpesviradae
• What can nucleic acid be in RNA

  HIV type retro virus flu virus aka orthomycovirus
• What are the other characteristics of a virus

  non celluar

  do not respire

  do not grow

  do not respond to stimuli

  reproduce only when in a host cell
• What can virus spread to?

  any direct contact with fungi animals bacteria or plants
• What are the two components the life cycle involves?

  Lytic and lysogenic
• What does lyse mean ?

  Kill explode and destroy
• What is the microbes name of viruses and bacteria that actually causes diseases?

  Pathogens
• What does sterilization do? 


  Destroy living bacteria or active viral particles through intense heat or chemical degradation
• What are the two ways you can control bacteria?

  sterilization and food processing
• How do you use heat sterilization ?

  Usually by boiling water or over a fire
• How do you chemically sterilize?

  Disinfectants such as lysol that kill both good and bad bacteria
• What is the ideal percentage tonicity for cells to lyse?

  70% alcohol
• what is the result of food spoilage?

  bacteria eating the foot and either growing into large numbers releasing waste products that are harmful
• What is the ideal temperature to reduce bacterial growth in refrigerators ?

  4 degrees Celsius
• What does cooking the food that raises the temperature to 70 do?

  Kills and deactivates most common bacteria/viruses
• What are the two bacteria that survives these temperatures ?

  Clostridium botulinum and pefringens and bacillus
• How do they survive ?


  makes heat resistant spores that survive up to 100 degree celsius
• What is the temp hot food should be kept at?

  63 degrees celsius
• what are the three high contents that prevent bacteria growth?

  Sugar salt and acidity
• what is the organism name that spread pathogens?

  vectors harbours parasites
• What is the primary line of defence that is effective against both virus and bacteria?

  External barriers such as skin, mucus membranes,
• What are antibiotics?

  Does not work against viruses but taken for bacteria that penetrates the barrier
• What is the secondary line of defence?

  The Macrophages/phagocytes give a general response