pedia module 4 school-aged

• Nocturnal emissions

  As increased seminal fluid begins to be produced, boys notice ejaculation during sleep
• A school age child will understand that different nurses work different shifts
• 7 years old= appear quiet compared with the 6 years old. Girls may gravitate to more traditional female roles and activities while boys may gravitate to more tradi
• Class inclusion


  Understand that objects can belong to more than one classification such as by different materials, by sizes, by shapes, etc.
• Motor Development: Gross Motor
• Decentering


  Projecting oneself into other people’s situations and seeing the world from their viewpoint rather than focusing only on their own view
• Physical Growth

  1. Weight Gain= 3-5 lb. (1.3-2.2kg)

  2. Height Gain= 1-2 inches (2-5cm)

  3. Brain growth is complete by 10 years of age, so fine motor coordination becomes refined

  4. Frontal sinuses develop at about 6 years, so sinus headaches become a possibility

  5. Left ventricle of the heart enlarges to be strong enough to pump blood to the growing body

  6. Pulse rate decreases to 70 to 80 beats/min, blood pressure rises to about 112/60 mm Hg

  7. Maturation of the respiratory system leads to increased oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange, which increases exertion ability and stamina

  8. Scoliosis may become apparent for the first time in late childhood
• Accommodation


  Adapt thought processes to fit what is perceived such as understanding that there can be more than one reason for other people’s actions
• Malocclusion

  Deviation of tooth position from the normal
• Caries


  Dental cavity
• Conservation


  Appreciate that a change in shape does not necessarily mean a change in size
• Physiologic Development: Relatively long-time span, and even though growth is slow, children grow and develop extensively
• Sexual Maturation

  1. The hypothalamus transmits an enzyme to the anterior pituitary gland to begin production of gonadotropic hormones, which then activate changes in the testes and ovaries to cause puberty

  2. Timing of the onset of puberty varies widely between 8 and 14 years of age, partly due to genetic and cultural differences, and is rated according to Tanner stages

  3. Sexual maturation in girls usually occurs between the years of 12 and 18; in boys, between 14 and 20 years

  4. Girls are usually taller by about 2 inches (5 cm) or more than preadolescent boys because their typical growth spurt begins earlier
• 6 years old= endlessly jump, tumble, skip, and hop. They have enough coordination to walk a straight line, many can ride a bicycle, and they learn to skip rope with practice
• Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development
• Emotional Development milestones


  1. Children enter with ability to trust others and respect their own worth

  2. Accomplish small tasks independently, gained sense of autonomy

  3. Practice or mimic adult roles, learned to share

  4. Grasped the idea that doing things is more important than watching, explore social environment

  5. 6 years old: Play in groups but prefer one-to-one contact when tired or stressed

  6. 7 years old: Increasingly aware of family roles and responsibility, view promises as firm commitments, tattle due to strong sense of justice

  7. 8 years old: Actively seek company of other children, form close friendships with secrets

  8. 9 years old: Take peer group values seriously, more interested in peer opinions than parents, form exclusionary clubs with secret passwords and meeting places
• Emphasis in Freud's Theory on development of skills and talents, repression of sexuality, and establishing relationships with same-sex peers
• Physical Development milestones


  1. 6 years old: Enough coordination to walk a straight line, ride a bicycle, and learn to skip rope with practice

  2. 7 years old: Appear quiet compared with 6-year-olds. Girls may gravitate to traditional female roles while boys may gravitate to traditional male roles

  3. 8 years old: Movements are more graceful, ride bicycles well, and enjoy sports like gymnastics. Arms and legs may appear awkward due to growth

  4. 9 years old: Constantly on the go, have enough eye-hand coordination for baseball, basketball, and volleyball

  5. 10 years old: More interested in perfecting athletic skills

  6. 11 years old: Feel awkward due to growth spurt, may drop out of sports activities and channel energy into constant motion

  7. 12 years old: Plunge into activities with intensity and concentration, enjoy participating in sports events for charities, cooperative around the house
• Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development stages

  • Latency Stage
  • Age of Suppression
  • Achievement-oriented years
• Social and Emotional Development
• Fine Motor Development milestones

  1. 6 years old: Can tie shoelaces, cut and paste well, draw with good detail, paint (may reverse letters)

  2. 7 years old: Eraser year, children are never quite content with their work

  3. 8 years old: Eyes developed enough to read regular-size type, can write script in addition to print

  4. 9 years old: Writing begins to look mature, evaluate teachers' ability and perform at varying levels
• Children are ready for social interactions and activities away from home
• Gifts for 10-year-olds


  • A box that locks
• Favorite activities for 11-year-olds are mixed sex rather than single-sex ones
• Clubs with exclusion


  • Typically have a secret password and secret meeting place
  • Membership is generally all boys or all girls
  • If an excluded child does not react badly, the club will probably disband after a few days
• Language Development at 9 years old


  Discover dirty jokes, use swear words, have a fascination with "bathroom language"
• Play at 7 years old


  Children require more props for play, spend hours playing video games
• Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development


  1. Industry vs Inferiority

  2. Children can develop a feeling of inferiority if they are prevented from achieving a sense of industry

  3. Children compare themselves with others and obtain feedback from teachers & peers

  4. Children begin to spend more time with peers and less with family
• Language Development at 6 years old


  Talk in full sentences, define objects by their use
• 10 years old enjoy groups but also enjoy privacy
• Parents need to use caution deciding whether to intervene with this type of play because loyalties shift quickly
• Four girls on the block, three form a club and exclude the fourth

  The reason for the exclusion is unclear
• 12-year-olds develop at different rates, making social interactions sometimes difficult
• By eleven years of age, girls become increasingly interested in boys and vice versa
• Language Development at 7 years old


  Can tell time in hours, know the months of the year, can do simple arithmetic
• Language Development at 12 years old


  Sense of humor is apparent, can carry on an adult conversation
• Play at 6 years old


  Play continues to be active, children discover reading as an enjoyable activity
• Children at 10 years old spend most of their time playing screen games
• Children at 8 may change the rules in the middle of a game to avoid losing
• Start of a decline in imaginative play begins at around 7 years old unless a child receives adequate encouragement to use imagination