2.1 - Cell Parts

• Cells are similar in that they all have organelles which help them function
• Ribosomes


  Build proteins by attaching amino acids into chains

  They may be free floating or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Nucleus


  The control center of the cell, containing DNA and instructions for producing other materials
• Nuclear Envelope

  Consists of two lipid bilayers folded together, with the outer layer continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum
• Nucleolus


  A structure within the nucleus responsible for producing ribosomes
• Endomembrane System


  A system within the cell responsible for making lipids, enzymes, and other proteins for secretion and insertion into cell membranes
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

  Part of the endoplasmic reticulum responsible for lipid metabolism and detoxification
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

  Part of the endoplasmic reticulum involved in protein synthesis and transport
• Lysosomes

  Contain enzymes for digestion and waste removal within the cell
• Vacuoles (Animals)

  Smaller transport vesicles in animal cells
• Golgi Body

  Responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion
• Vacuoles (Plants)


  Storage compartments that help maintain cell firmness and act as disposal sites for waste
• Mitochondria


  Organelles that provide cells with energy by breaking down larger molecules
• Chloroplasts


  Organelles found only in plants responsible for photosynthesis
• Cytoskeleton

  Network of protein filaments that provide structural support and aid in cell movement
• Pseudopods


  Temporary bulges of the cell membrane used for movement and engulfing food
• Cilia

  Short, hair-like structures used for movement or moving substances along the cell surface
• Organelle - a structure within a cell with a specific function
• Why are cells similar?

  They all have organelles to help them function
• What do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

  A cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole
• Cell membrane (Animal Cells)

  • surrounds and protects cell
  • controls movement of substances in and out of cell
• Cell Wall (Plants) - tough outer layer surrounding plant cells
• Cytoplasm/Cytosol- fluid that fills the cell, contains enzymes and organelles
• Nucleus - controls activities of cell, contains genetic material DNA
• The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope and also contains the nucleolus
• What is embedded in a lipid bilayer?

  Membrane proteins
• The nuclear envelope allow the regulated exchange of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm through the nuclear pores
• Ribosomes also build enzymes which help break/build other moleucles
• The endomembrane system is a group of interacting organ between the nucleus and cell membrane
• The endomembrane system can also destroy toxins and recycle wastes
• The endomembrane system includes the nucleus, lysosomes, vesicles, the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER),and Golgi apparatus, as well as the cell membrane.